Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) D. K. Gillmor
Request for Comments: 9788 American Civil Liberties Union
Updates: 8551 B. Hoeneisen
Category: Standards Track pEp Project
ISSN: 2070-1721 A. Melnikov
Isode Ltd
June
July 2025
Header Protection for Cryptographically Protected Email
Abstract
S/MIME version 3.1 introduced a mechanism to provide end-to-end
cryptographic protection of email message headers. However, few
implementations generate messages using this mechanism, and several
legacy implementations have revealed rendering or security issues
when handling such a message.
This document updates the S/MIME specification (RFC 8551) to offer a
different mechanism that provides the same cryptographic protections
but with fewer downsides when handled by legacy clients.
Furthermore, it offers more explicit usability, privacy, and security
guidance for clients when generating or handling email messages with
cryptographic protection of message headers.
The Header Protection scheme defined here is also applicable to
messages with PGP/MIME (Pretty Good Privacy with MIME) cryptographic
protections.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9788.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the
Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described
in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Update to RFC 8551
1.1.1. Problems with RFC 8551 Header Protection
1.2. Risks of Header Protection for Legacy MUA Recipients
1.3. Motivation
1.3.1. Backward Compatibility
1.3.2. Deliverability
1.4. Other Protocols to Protect Email Header Fields
1.5. Applicability to PGP/MIME
1.6. Requirements Language
1.7. Terms
1.8. Document Scope
1.8.1. In Scope
1.8.2. Out of Scope
1.9. Example
2. Internet Message Format Extensions
2.1. Content-Type Parameters
2.1.1. Content-Type Parameter: hp
2.1.2. Content-Type Parameter: hp-legacy-display
2.2. HP-Outer Header Field
2.2.1. HP-Outer Header Field Definition
3. Header Confidentiality Policy
3.1. HCP Definition
3.1.1. HCP Avoids Changing addr-spec of From Header Field
3.2. Initial Registered HCPs
3.2.1. Baseline Header Confidentiality Policy
3.2.2. Shy Header Confidentiality Policy
3.2.3. No Header Confidentiality Policy
3.3. Default Header Confidentiality Policy
3.4. HCP Evolution
3.4.1. Offering More Ambitious Header Confidentiality
3.4.2. Expert Guidance for Registering Header Confidentiality
Policies
4. Receiving Guidance
4.1. Identifying That a Message Has Header Protection
4.2. Extracting Protected and Unprotected ("Outer") Header Fields From an Encrypted
Message
4.2.1. HeaderSetsFromMessage
4.3. Updating the Cryptographic Summary
4.3.1. HeaderFieldProtection
4.4. Handling Mismatch of From Header Fields
4.4.1. Definitions
4.4.2. Warning for From Header Field Mismatch
4.4.3. From Header Field Rendering
4.4.4. Handling the Protected From Header Field When
Responding
4.4.5. Matching addr-specs
4.5. Rendering a Message with Header Protection
4.5.1. Example Signed-Only Message
4.5.2. Example Signed-and-Encrypted Message
4.5.3. Do Not Render Legacy Display Elements
4.6. Implicitly Rendered Header Fields
4.7. Handling Undecryptable Messages
4.8. Guidance for Automated Message Handling
4.8.1. Only Interpret Protected Header Fields
4.8.2. Ignore Legacy Display Elements
4.9. Affordances for Debugging and Troubleshooting
4.10. Handling RFC8551HP Messages (Backward Compatibility)
4.10.1. Identifying an RFC8551HP Message
4.10.2. Rendering or Responding to an RFC8551HP Message
4.11. Rendering Other Schemes
5. Sending Guidance
5.1. Composing a Cryptographically Protected Message Without
Header Protection
5.1.1. ComposeNoHeaderProtection
5.2. Composing a Message with Header Protection
5.2.1. Compose
5.2.2. Adding a Legacy Display Element to a text/plain Part
5.2.3. Adding a Legacy Display Element to a text/html Part
5.2.4. Only Add a Legacy Display Element to Main Body Parts
5.2.5. Do Not Add a Legacy Display Element to Other
Content-Types
6. Replying and Forwarding Guidance
6.1. Avoid Leaking Encrypted Header Fields in Replies and
Forwards
6.1.1. The Respond Function
6.1.2. ReferenceHCP
6.2. Avoid Misdirected Replies
7. Unprotected Header Fields Added in Transit
7.1. Mailing List Header Fields: List-* and Archived-At
8. Email Ecosystem Evolution
8.1. Dropping Legacy Display Elements
8.2. More Ambitious Default HCP
8.3. Deprecation of Messages Without Header Protection
9. Usability Considerations
9.1. Mixed Protections Within a Message Are Hard to Understand
9.2. Users Should Not Have to Choose a Header Confidentiality
Policy
10. Security Considerations
10.1. From Address Spoofing
10.1.1. From Rendering Reasoning
10.2. Avoid Cryptographic Summary Confusion from the hp
Parameter
10.3. Caution About Composing with Legacy Display Elements
10.4. Plaintext Attacks
11. Privacy Considerations
11.1. Leaks When Replying
11.2. Encrypted Header Fields Are Not Always Private
11.2.1. Encrypted Header Fields Can Leak Unwanted Information
to the Recipient
11.2.2. Encrypted Header Fields Can Be Inferred from External
or Internal Metadata
11.2.3. Encrypted Header Fields May Not Be Fully Masked by HCP
11.3. A Naive Recipient May Overestimate the Cryptographic
Status of a Header Field in an Encrypted Message
11.4. Privacy and Deliverability Risks with Bcc and Encrypted
Messages
12. IANA Considerations
12.1. Registration of the HP-Outer Header Field
12.2. Reference Update for the Content-Type Header Field
12.3. New Mail Header Confidentiality Policies Registry
13. References
13.1. Normative References
13.2. Informative References
Appendix A. Table of Pseudocode Listings
Appendix B. Possible Problems with Legacy MUAs
B.1. Problems Viewing Messages in a List View
B.2. Problems When Rendering a Message
B.3. Problems When Replying to a Message
Appendix C. Test Vectors
C.1. Baseline Messages
C.1.1. No Cryptographic Protections over a Simple Message
C.1.2. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Simple Message, No
Header Protection
C.1.3. S/MIME Signed-Only multipart/signed over a Simple
Message, No Header Protection
C.1.4. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, No
Header Protection
C.1.5. No Cryptographic Protections over a Complex Message
C.1.6. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Complex Message,
No Header Protection
C.1.7. S/MIME Signed-Only multipart/signed over a Complex
Message, No Header Protection
C.1.8. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, No
Header Protection
C.2. Signed-Only Messages
C.2.1. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Simple Message,
Header Protection
C.2.2. S/MIME Signed-Only multipart/signed over a Simple
Message, Header Protection
C.2.3. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Complex Message,
Header Protection
C.2.4. S/MIME Signed-Only multipart/signed over a Complex
Message, Header Protection
C.2.5. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Complex Message,
Legacy RFC 8551 Header Protection
C.2.6. S/MIME Signed-Only multipart/signed over a Complex
Message, Legacy RFC 8551 Header Protection
C.3. Signed-and-Encrypted Messages
C.3.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline
C.3.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display)
C.3.3. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy
C.3.4. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display)
C.3.5. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple
Message, Header Protection with hcp_baseline
C.3.6. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple
Message, Header Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy
Display)
C.3.7. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple
Message, Header Protection with hcp_shy
C.3.8. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple
Message, Header Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy
Display)
C.3.9. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline
C.3.10. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display)
C.3.11. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy
C.3.12. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display)
C.3.13. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex
Message, Header Protection with hcp_baseline
C.3.14. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex
Message, Header Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy
Display)
C.3.15. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex
Message, Header Protection with hcp_shy
C.3.16. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex
Message, Header Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy
Display)
C.3.17. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message,
Legacy RFC 8551 Header Protection with hcp_baseline
Appendix D. Composition Examples
D.1. New Message Composition
D.1.1. Unprotected Message
D.1.2. Encrypted with hcp_baseline and Legacy Display
D.2. Composing a Reply
D.2.1. Unprotected Message
D.2.2. Encrypted with hcp_no_confidentiality and Legacy
Display
Appendix E. Rendering Examples
E.1. Example text/plain Cryptographic Payload with Legacy
Display Elements
E.2. Example text/html Cryptographic Payload with Legacy Display
Elements
Appendix F. Other Header Protection Schemes
F.1. Original RFC 8551 Header Protection
F.2. Pretty Easy Privacy (pEp)
F.3. "draft-autocrypt" Protected Headers
Acknowledgements
Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
Privacy and security issues regarding email Header Protection in S/
MIME and PGP/MIME have been identified for some time. Most current
implementations of cryptographically protected email protect only the
Body of the message, which leaves significant room for attacks
against otherwise-protected messages. For example, lack of Header
Protection allows an attacker to substitute the message subject and/
or author.
This document describes how to cryptographically protect message
headers and provides guidance for the implementer of a Mail User
Agent (MUA) that generates, interprets, and replies to such a
message. It uses the term "Legacy MUA" to refer to an MUA that does
not implement this specification. This document takes particular
care to ensure that messages interact reasonably well with Legacy
MUAs.
1.1. Update to RFC 8551
An older scheme for Header Protection was specified in S/MIME 3.1
[RFC8551], which involves wrapping a message/rfc822 MIME object with
a Cryptographic Envelope around the message to protect it. This
document refers to that scheme as "RFC 8551 Header Protection", or
"RFC8551HP". Substantial testing has shown that RFC8551HP does not
interact well with some Legacy MUAs (see Section 1.1.1).
This specification supersedes RFC8551HP, effectively replacing the
final two paragraphs of Section 3.1 of [RFC8551].
In this specification, all Header Fields gain end-to-end
cryptographic integrity and authenticity by being copied directly
into the Cryptographic Payload without using an intervening message/
rfc822
message/rfc822 MIME object. In an encrypted message, some Header
Fields can also be made confidential by removing or obscuring them
from the Outer Header Section.
This specification also offers substantial security, privacy, and
usability guidance for sending and receiving MUAs that was not
considered in [RFC8551].
1.1.1. Problems with RFC 8551 Header Protection
Several Legacy MUAs have difficulty rendering a message that uses
RFC8551HP. These problems can appear on signed-only messages, as
well as signed-and-encrypted messages.
In some cases, some MUAs cannot render message/rfc822 message
subparts at all, which is in violation of baseline MIME requirements
as defined in requirement 6 of Section 2 of [RFC2049]. A message
using RFC8551HP is unreadable by any recipient using such an MUA.
In other cases, the user sees an attachment suggesting a forwarded
email message that -- in fact -- contains the protected email message
that should be rendered directly. In most of these cases, the user
can click on the attachment to view the protected message.
However, viewing the protected message as an attachment in isolation
may strip it of any security indications, leaving the user unable to
assess the cryptographic properties of the message. Worse, for
encrypted messages, interacting with the protected message in
isolation may leak contents of the cleartext, for example, if the
reply is not also encrypted.
Furthermore, RFC8551HP lacks any discussion of the following points,
all of which are provided in this specification:
* Which Header Fields should be given end-to-end cryptographic
integrity and authenticity protections (this specification
mandates protection of all Header Fields that the sending MUA
knows about).
* How to securely indicate the sender's intent to offer Header
Protection and encryption, which lets a receiving MUA detect
messages whose cryptographic properties may have been modified in
transit (see Section 2.1.1).
* Which Header Fields should be given end-to-end cryptographic
confidentiality protections in an encrypted message and how (see
Section 3).
* How to securely indicate the sender's choices about which Header
Fields were made confidential, which lets a receiving MUA reply or
forward an encrypted message safely without accidentally leaking
confidential material (see Section 2.2).
These stumbling blocks with Legacy MUAs, missing mechanisms, and
missing guidance create a strong disincentive for existing MUAs to
generate messages using RFC8551HP. Because few messages have been
produced, there has been little incentive for those MUAs capable of
upgrading to bother interpreting them better.
In contrast, the mechanisms defined here are safe to adopt and
produce messages with very few problems for Legacy MUAs. And
Section 4.10 provides useful guidance for rendering and replying to
RFC8551HP messages.
1.2. Risks of Header Protection for Legacy MUA Recipients
Producing a signed-only message using this specification is risk
free. has no
additional risks (compared to producing a signed-only message without
Header Protection). Such a message will render in the same way on
any Legacy MUA as a Legacy Signed Message (that is, a signed message
without Header Protection). An MUA conformant to this specification
that encounters such a message will be able to gain the benefits of
end-to-end cryptographic integrity and authenticity for all Header
Fields.
An encrypted message produced according to this specification that
has some User-Facing Header Fields removed or obscured may not render
as desired in a Legacy MUA. In particular, those Header Fields that
were made confidential will not be visible to the user of a Legacy
MUA. For example, if the Subject Header Field outside the
Cryptographic Envelope is replaced with [...], a Legacy MUA will
render the [...] anywhere the Subject is normally seen. This is the
only additional risk of producing an encrypted message according to
this
specification. specification (compared to producing an encrypted message
without confidentiality for any Header Field).
A workaround "Legacy Display" mechanism is provided in this
specification (see Section 2.1.2). Legacy MUAs will render "Legacy
Display Elements" to the user, albeit not in the same location that
the Header Fields would normally be rendered.
Alternately, if the sender of an encrypted message is particularly
concerned about the experience of a recipient using a Legacy MUA, and
they are willing to accept leaking the User-Facing Header Fields,
they can simply adopt the No Header Confidentiality Policy (see
Section 3.2.3). A signed-and-encrypted message composed using the No
Header Confidentiality Policy offers no usability risk for a reader
using a Legacy MUA and retains end-to-end cryptographic integrity and
authenticity properties for all Header Fields for any reader using a
conformant MUA. Of course, such a message has the same (non-
existent) confidentiality properties for all Header Fields as a
Legacy Encrypted Message (that is, an encrypted message made without
Header Protection).
1.3. Motivation
Ordinary Users generally do not understand the distinction between
email message Body and Header Section. When an email message has
cryptographic protections that cover the message Body but not the
Header Fields, several attacks become possible.
For example, a Legacy Signed Message has a signature that covers the
Body but not the Header Fields. An attacker can therefore modify the
Header Fields (including Subject) without invalidating the signature.
Since most readers consider a message Body in the context of the
message's Subject, the meaning of the message itself could change
drastically (under the attacker's control) while still retaining the
same cryptographic indicators of integrity and authenticity.
In another example, a Legacy Encrypted Message has its Body
effectively hidden from an adversary that snoops on the message. But
if the Header Fields are not also encrypted, significant information
about the message (such as the message Subject) will leak to the
inspecting adversary.
However, if the sending and receiving MUAs ensure that cryptographic
protections cover the message Header Section as well as the message
Body, these attacks are defeated.
1.3.1. Backward Compatibility
If the sending MUA is unwilling to generate such a fully protected
message due to the potential for rendering, usability,
deliverability, or security issues, these defenses cannot be
realized.
The sender cannot know what MUA (or MUAs) the recipient will use to
handle the message. Thus, an outbound message format that is
backward compatible with as many legacy implementations as possible
is a more effective vehicle for providing the whole-message
cryptographic protections described above.
This document aims for backward compatibility with Legacy MUAs to the
extent possible. In some cases, like when a user-visible Header
Field like the Subject is cryptographically hidden, a Legacy MUA will
not be able to render or reply to the message exactly the same way as
a conformant MUA would. But accommodations are described here (in
particular, Section 2.1.2) that ensure a rough semantic equivalence
for a Legacy MUA even in these cases.
1.3.2. Deliverability
A message with perfect cryptographic protections that cannot be
delivered is less useful than a message with imperfect cryptographic
protections that can be delivered. Senders want their messages to
reach the intended recipients.
Given the current state of the Internet mail ecosystem, encrypted
messages in particular cannot shield all of their Header Fields from
visibility and still be guaranteed delivery to their intended
recipient.
This document accounts for this concern by providing a mechanism
(Section 3) that prioritizes initial deliverability (at the cost of
some header leakage) while facilitating future message variants that
shield more header metadata from casual inspection.
1.4. Other Protocols to Protect Email Header Fields
A separate pair of protocols also provides some cryptographic
protection for the email message header integrity: DomainKeys
Identified Mail (DKIM) [RFC6376], as used in combination with Domain-
based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC)
[RFC7489]. This pair of protocols provides a domain-based reputation
mechanism that can be used to mitigate some forms of unsolicited
email (spam).
However, the DKIM+DMARC suite provides cryptographic protection at a
different scope, as it is usually applied by and evaluated by a mail
transport agent (MTA). DKIM+DMARC typically provide MTA-to-MTA
protection, whereas this specification provides MUA-to-MUA
protection. This is because DKIM+DMARC are typically applied to
messages by (and interpreted by) MTAs, whereas the mechanisms in this
document are typically applied and interpreted by MUAs.
A receiving MUA that relies on DKIM+DMARC for sender authenticity
should note Section 10.1.
Furthermore, the DKIM+DMARC suite only provides cryptographic
integrity and authentication, not encryption. So cryptographic
confidentiality is not available from that suite.
The DKIM+DMARC suite can be used on any message, including messages
formed as defined in this document. There should be no conflict
between DKIM+DMARC and the specification here.
Though not strictly email, similar protections have been in use on
Usenet for the signing and verification of message Header Fields for
years. See [PGPCONTROL] and [PGPVERIFY-FORMAT] for more details.
Like DKIM, these Usenet control protections offer only integrity and
authentication, not confidentiality.
1.5. Applicability to PGP/MIME
This document specifies end-to-end cryptographic protections for
email messages in reference to S/MIME [RFC8551].
Comparable end-to-end cryptographic protections can also be provided
by PGP/MIME [RFC3156].
The mechanisms in this document should be applicable in the PGP/MIME
protections as well as S/MIME protections, but analysis and
implementation in this document focuses on S/MIME.
To the extent that any divergence from the mechanism defined here is
necessary for PGP/MIME, that divergence is out of scope for this
document.
1.6. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
1.7. Terms
The following terms are defined for the scope of this document:
S/MIME: Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (see [RFC8551])
PGP/MIME: Pretty Good Privacy with MIME (see [RFC3156])
Message: An email message consisting of Header Fields (collectively
called "the Header Section of the message") optionally followed by
a message Body; see [RFC5322].
Note: To avoid ambiguity, this document avoids using the terms
"Header" or "Headers" in isolation, but instead always uses
"Header Field" to refer to the individual field and "Header
Section" to refer to the entire collection.
Header Field: A Header Field includes a field name, followed by a
colon (":"), followed by a field Body (value), and is terminated
by CRLF; see Section 2.2 of [RFC5322] for more details.
Header Section: The Header Section is a sequence of lines of
characters with special syntax as defined in [RFC5322]. The
Header Section of a message contains the Header Fields associated
with the message itself. The Header Section of a MIME part (that
is, a subpart of a message) typically contains Header Fields
associated with that particular MIME part.
Outer Header Section: The unprotected Header Section that MTAs and
MUAs unaware of Header Protection treat as the Header Section of
the Message.
Inner Header Section: The Header Section at the root of the
Cryptographic Payload. An MUA that implements Header Protection
renders Header Fields from this section for the user.
Body: The Body is the part of a message that follows the Header
Section and is separated from the Header Section by an empty line
(that is, a line with nothing preceding the CRLF); see [RFC5322].
It is the (bottom) section of a message containing the payload of
a message. Typically, the Body consists of a (possibly multipart)
MIME [RFC2045] construct.
Header Protection (HP): The cryptographic protection of email Header
Sections (or parts of it) by means of signatures and/or
encryption.
Legacy MUA: An MUA that does not understand Header Protection as
defined in this document. A Legacy Non-Crypto MUA is incapable of
doing any end-to-end cryptographic operations. A Legacy Crypto
MUA is capable of doing cryptographic operations but does not
understand or generate messages with Header Protection.
Legacy Signed Message: An email message that was signed by a Legacy
MUA and therefore has no cryptographic authenticity or integrity
protections on its Header Fields.
Legacy Encrypted Message: An email message that was signed and
encrypted by a Legacy MUA and therefore has no cryptographic
authenticity, integrity, or confidentiality protections on any of
its Header Fields.
Header Confidentiality Policy (HCP): A functional specification of
which Header Fields should be removed or obscured when composing
an encrypted message with Header Protection. An HCP is considered
more "conservative" when it removes or obscures fewer Header
Fields. When it removes or obscures more Header Fields, it is
more "ambitious". See Section 3.
Ordinary User: A user of an MUA who follows a simple and minimal
experience, focused on sending and receiving emails. A user who
opts into advanced configuration, expert mode, or the like is not
an "Ordinary User".
Respond Function: A function found in most MUAs that defines how to
pre-populate the Header Fields of a new message in response to
another message. See Section 6.1.1.
Additionally, Cryptographic Layer, Cryptographic Payload,
Cryptographic Envelope, Cryptographic Summary, Structural Header
Fields, Non-Structural Header Fields, Main Body Part, User-Facing
Header Fields, and MUA are all used as defined in [RFC9787].
The policies "Specification Required" and "IETF Review" that appear
in this document when used to describe namespace allocation are to be
interpreted as described in [RFC8126].
Note: To avoid ambiguity, this document avoids using the terms
"Header" or "Headers" in isolation, but instead always uses "Header
Field" to refer to the individual field and "Header Section" to refer
to the entire collection.
1.8. Document Scope
This document describes sensible, simple behavior for a program that
generates an email message with standard end-to-end cryptographic
protections, following the guidance in [RFC9787]. An implementation
conformant to this document will produce messages that have
cryptographic protection that covers the message's Header Fields as
well as its Body.
1.8.1. In Scope
This document also describes sensible, simple behavior for a program
that interprets such a message in a way that can take advantage of
these protections covering the Header Fields as well as the Body.
The message generation guidance aims to minimize negative
interactions with any Legacy receiving MUA while providing actionable
cryptographic properties for modern receiving MUAs.
In particular, this document focuses on two standard types of
cryptographic protection that cover the entire message:
* a cleartext message with a single signature and
* an encrypted message that contains a single cryptographic
signature.
1.8.2. Out of Scope
The message composition guidance in this document (in Section 5.2)
aims to provide minimal disruption for any Legacy MUA that receives
such a message. However, by definition, a Legacy MUA does not
implement any of the guidance here. Therefore, the document does not
attempt to provide guidance for Legacy MUAs directly.
Furthermore, this document does not explicitly contemplate other
variants of cryptographic message protections, including any of
these:
* encrypted-only message (without a cryptographic signature; see
Section 5.3 of [RFC9787])
* triple-wrapped message
* signed message with multiple signatures
* encrypted message with a cryptographic signature outside the
encryption
All such messages are out of scope of this document.
1.9. Example
This section gives an overview by providing an example of how MIME
messages with Header Protection look.
Consider the following MIME message:
A └─╴application/pkcs7-mime; smime-type="enveloped-data"
↧ (decrypts to)
B └─╴application/pkcs7-mime; smime-type="signed-data"
⇩ (unwraps to)
C └┬╴multipart/alternative; hp="cipher"
D ├─╴text/plain; hp-legacy-display="1"
E └─╴text/html; hp-legacy-display="1"
Observe that:
* Nodes A and B are collectively called the Cryptographic Envelope.
Node C (including its subnodes D and E) is called the
Cryptographic Payload [RFC9787].
* Node A contains the unprotected ("outer") (unprotected) outer Header Fields. Node C
contains the protected ("inner") (protected) inner Header Fields.
* The presence of the hp attribute (see Section 2.1.1) on the
Content-Type of node C allows the receiver to know that the sender
applied Header Protection. Its value allows the receiver to
distinguish whether the sender intended for the message to be
confidential (hp="cipher") or not (hp="clear"), since encryption
may have been added in transit (see Section 10.2).
The "outer" Outer Header Section on node A looks as follows:
Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500
From: Bob <bob@example.net>
To: Alice <alice@example.net>
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; smime-type="enveloped-data"
MIME-Version: 1.0
The "inner" Inner Header Section on node C looks as follows:
Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500
From: Bob <bob@example.net>
To: Alice <alice@example.net>
Subject: Handling the Jones contract
Keywords: Contract, Urgent
Message-ID: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; hp="cipher"
MIME-Version: 1.0
HP-Outer: Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500
HP-Outer: From: Bob <bob@example.net>
HP-Outer: To: Alice <alice@example.net>
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
Observe that:
* Between node C and node A, some Header Fields are copied as is
(Date, From, To, Message-ID), some are obscured (Subject), and
some are removed (Keywords).
* The HP-Outer Header Fields (see Section 2.2) of node C contain a
protected copy of the Header Fields in node A. The copy allows
the receiver to recompute for which Header Fields the sender
provided confidentiality by removing or obscuring them.
* The copying/removing/obscuring and the HP-Outer only apply to Non-
Structural Header Fields, not to Structural Header Fields like
Content-Type or MIME-Version (see Section 1.1 1.1.1 of [RFC9787]).
* If the sender intends no confidentiality and doesn't encrypt the
message, it doesn't remove or obscure Header Fields. All Non-
Structural Header Fields are copied as is. No HP-Outer Header
Fields are present.
Node D looks as follows:
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"; hp-legacy-display="1";
Subject: Handling the Jones contract
Keywords: Contract, Urgent
Please review and approve or decline by Thursday, it's critical!
Thanks,
Bob
--
Bob Gonzalez
ACME, Inc.
Observe that:
* The sender adds the removed and obscured User-Facing Header Fields
(see Section 1.1.2 of [RFC9787]) to the main Body (note the empty
line after the Content-Type). This is called the Legacy Display
Element. It allows a user with a Legacy MUA that doesn't
implement this document to understand the message, since the
Header Fields will be shown as part of the main Body.
* The hp-legacy-display="1" attribute (see Section 2.1.2) indicates
that the sender added a Legacy Display Element. This allows
receivers that implement this document to recognize the Legacy
Display Element and distinguish it from user-added content. The
receiver then hides the Legacy Display Element and doesn't display
it to the user.
* hp-legacy-display is added to the node to which it applies, not on
any outer nodes (e.g., not to node C).
For more examples, see Appendices D and E.
2. Internet Message Format Extensions
This section describes relevant, backward-compatible extensions to
the Internet Message Format [RFC5322]. Subsequent sections offer
concrete guidance for an MUA to make use of these mechanisms,
including policy decisions and recommended pseudocode.
2.1. Content-Type Parameters
This document introduces two parameters for the Content-Type Header
Field, which have distinct semantics and use cases.
2.1.1. Content-Type Parameter: hp
This specification defines a parameter for the Content-Type Header
Field named hp (for Header Protection). This parameter is only
relevant on the Content-Type Header Field at the root of the
Cryptographic Payload. The presence of this parameter at the root of
the Cryptographic Payload indicates that the sender intends for this
message to have end-to-end cryptographic protections for the Header
Fields.
The parameter's defined values describe the sender's cryptographic
intent when producing the message:
+========+==============+=========+=================+==============+
|hp Value| Authenticity |Integrity| Confidentiality | Description |
+========+==============+=========+=================+==============+
|"clear" | yes |yes | no | This message |
| | | | | has been |
| | | | | signed by |
| | | | | the sender, |
| | | | | with Header |
| | | | | Protection. |
+--------+--------------+---------+-----------------+--------------+
|"cipher"| yes |yes | yes | This message |
| | | | | has been |
| | | | | signed by |
| | | | | the sender, |
| | | | | with Header |
| | | | | Protection, |
| | | | | and is |
| | | | | encrypted to |
| | | | | the |
| | | | | recipients. |
+--------+--------------+---------+-----------------+--------------+
Table 1: hp Parameter for Content-Type Header Field
A sending implementation MUST NOT produce a Cryptographic Payload
with parameter hp="cipher" for an unencrypted message (that is, where
none of the Cryptographic Layers in the Cryptographic Envelope of the
message provide encryption). Likewise, if a sending implementation
is sending an encrypted message with Header Protection, it MUST emit
an hp="cipher" parameter, regardless of which Header Fields were made
confidential.
Note that hp="cipher" indicates that the message itself has been
encrypted by the sender to the recipients but makes no assertions
about which Header Fields have been removed or obscured. This can be
derived from the Cryptographic Payload itself (see Section 4.2).
A receiving implementation MUST NOT mistake the presence of an
hp="cipher" parameter in the Cryptographic Payload for the actual
presence of a Cryptographic Layer that provides encryption.
2.1.2. Content-Type Parameter: hp-legacy-display
This specification also defines an hp-legacy-display parameter for
the Content-Type Header Field. The only defined value for this
parameter is 1.
This parameter is only relevant on a leaf MIME node of Content-Type
text/html or text/plain within a well-formed message with end-to-end
cryptographic protections. Its presence indicates that the MIME node
it is attached to contains a decorative "Legacy Display Element".
The Legacy Display Element itself is used for backward-compatible
visibility of any removed or obscured User-Facing Header Field in a
Legacy MUA.
Such a Legacy Display Element need not be rendered to the user of an
MUA that implements this specification, because the MUA already knows
the correct Header Field information and can render it to the user in
the appropriate part of the MUA's user interface rather than in the
Body of the message.
See Section 5.2.2 for how to insert a Legacy Display Element into a
text/plain Main Body Part. See Section 5.2.3 for how to insert a
Legacy Display Element into a text/html Main Body Part. See
Section 4.5.3 for how to avoid rendering a Legacy Display Element.
2.2. HP-Outer Header Field
This document also specifies a new Header Field: HP-Outer.
This Header Field is used only in the Header Section of the
Cryptographic Payload of an encrypted message. It is not relevant
for signed-only messages. It documents, with the same cryptographic
guarantees shared by the rest of the message, the sender's choices
about Header Field confidentiality. It does so by embedding a copy
within the Cryptographic Envelope of every Non-Structural Header
Field that the sender put outside the Cryptographic Envelope. This
Header Field enables the MUA receiving the encrypted message to
reliably identify whether the sending MUA intended to make a Header
Field confidential (see also Section 11.3).
The HP-Outer Header Fields in a message's Cryptographic Payload are
useful for ensuring that any confidential Header Field will not be
automatically leaked in the clear if the user replies to or forwards
the message. They may also be useful for an MUA that indicates the
confidentiality status of any given Header Field to the user.
An implementation that composes encrypted email MUST include a copy
of all Non-Structural Header Fields deliberately exposed to the
outside of the Cryptographic Envelope using a series of HP-Outer
Header Fields within the Cryptographic Payload. These HP-Outer MIME
Header Fields should only ever appear directly within the Header
Section of the Cryptographic Payload of a Cryptographic Envelope
offering confidentiality. They MUST be ignored for the purposes of
evaluating the message's Header Protection if they appear in other
places.
Each instance of HP-Outer contains a Non-Structural Header Field name
and the value that this Header Field was set to within the outer
(unprotected) Outer Header Section. The HP-Outer Header Field can
appear multiple times in the Header Section of a Cryptographic
Payload.
If a Non-Structural Header Field named Z is present in Header
Section of the Cryptographic Payload but doesn't appear in an HP-
Outer Header Field value at all, then the sender is effectively
asserting that every instance of Z was made confidential by removal
from the Outer Header Section. Specifically, it means that no Header
Field Z was included on the outside of the message's Cryptographic
Envelope by the sender at the time the message was injected into the
mail system.
See Section 5.2 for how to insert HP-Outer Header Fields into an
encrypted message. See Section 4.3 for how to determine the end-to-
end confidentiality of a given Header Field from an encrypted message
with Header Protection using HP-Outer. See Section 6.1 for how an
MUA can safely reply to (or forward) an encrypted message without
leaking confidential Header Fields by default.
2.2.1. HP-Outer Header Field Definition
The syntax of this Header Field is defined using the following ABNF
[RFC5234], where field-name, WSP, VCHAR, and FWS are defined in
[RFC5322]:
hp-outer = "HP-Outer:" [FWS] field-name ": "
hp-outer-value CRLF
hp-outer-value = (*([FWS] VCHAR) *WSP)
Note that hp-outer-value is the same as unstructured from
Section 3.2.5 of [RFC5322] but without the obsolete obs-unstruct
option.
3. Header Confidentiality Policy
An MUA composing an encrypted message according to this specification
may make any given Header Field confidential by removing it from the
Header Section outside the Cryptographic Envelope or by obscuring it
by rewriting it to a different value in that Outer Header Section.
The composing MUA faces a choice for any new message: Which Header
Fields should be made confidential, and how?
This section defines the "Header Confidentiality Policy" (or HCP) as
a well-defined abstraction to encourage MUA developers to consider,
document, and share reasonable policies across the community. It
establishes a registry of known HCPs, defines a small number of
simple HCPs in that registry, and makes a recommendation for a
reasonable default.
Note that such a policy is only needed when the end-to-end
protections include encryption (confidentiality). No comparable
policy is needed for other end-to-end cryptographic protections
(integrity and authenticity), as they are simply uniformly applied so
that all Header Fields known by the sender have these protections.
This asymmetry is a consequence of complexities in existing message
delivery systems, some of which may reject, drop, or delay messages
where all Header Fields are removed from the top-level MIME object.
Note that no representation of the HCP itself ever appears "on the
wire". However, the consumer of the encrypted message can see the
decisions that were made by the sender's HCP via the HP-Outer Header
Fields (see Section 2.2).
3.1. HCP Definition
In this document, we represent that HCP as a function hcp:
* hcp(name, val_in) -> val_out: This function takes a Non-Structural
Header Field identified by name with the initial value val_in as
arguments and returns a replacement Header Field value val_out.
If val_out is the special value null, it means that the Header
Field in question should be removed from the set of Header Fields
visible outside the Cryptographic Envelope.
In the pseudocode descriptions of various choices of HCP in this
document, any comparison with the name input is done case-
insensitively. This is appropriate for Header Field names, as
described in [RFC5322].
Note that hcp is only applied to Non-Structural Header Fields. When
composing a message, Structural Header Fields are dealt with
separately, as described in Section 5.2.
As an example, an MUA that obscures the Subject Header Field by
replacing it with the literal string "[...]", hides all Cc'ed
recipients, and does not offer confidentiality to any other Header
Fields would be represented as (in pseudocode):
hcp_example_hide_cc(name, val_in) → val_out:
if lower(name) is 'subject':
return '[...]'
else if lower(name) is 'cc':
return null
else:
return val_in
For alignment with common practice as well as the ABNF in
Section 2.2.1 for HP-Outer, val_out MUST be one of the following:
* identical to val_in,
* the special value null (meaning that the Header Field will be
removed from the outside of the message), or
* a sequence of whitespace (that is, space or tab) and printable 7-bit clean ASCII characters (of course,
non-ASCII text can be encoded as ASCII using the encoded-word
construct from [RFC2047]) and ASCII whitespace (specifically,
space (0x20) and tab (0x09)).
The HCP can compute val_out using any technique describable in
pseudocode, such as copying a fixed string or invocations of other
pseudocode functions. If it alters the value, it MUST NOT include
control or NUL characters in val_out. val_out SHOULD match the
expected ABNF for the Header Field identified by name.
3.1.1. HCP Avoids Changing addr-spec of From Header Field
The From Header Field should also be treated specially by the HCP to
enable defense against possible email address spoofing (see
Section 10.1). In particular, for hcp("From", val_in), the addr-spec
of val_in and the addr-spec of val_out SHOULD match according to
Section 4.4.5, unless the sending MUA has additional knowledge
coordinated with the receiving MUA about more subtle addr-spec
equivalence or certificate validity.
3.2. Initial Registered HCPs
This document formally defines three Header Confidentiality Policies
with known and reasonably well-understood characteristics as a way to
compare and contrast different possible behavioral choices for a
composing MUA. These definitions are not meant to preclude the
creation of other HCPs.
The purpose of the registry of HCPs is to facilitate HCP evolution
and interoperability discussion among MUA developers and MTA
operators.
(The example hypothetical HCP, hcp_example_hide_cc, described in
Section 3.1 above is deliberately not formally registered, as it has
not been evaluated in practice.)
3.2.1. Baseline Header Confidentiality Policy
The most conservative recommended HCP only provides confidentiality
for Informational Fields, as defined in Section 3.6.5 of [RFC5322].
These fields are "only human-readable content" and thus their content
should not be relevant to transport agents. Since most Internet
messages today do have a Subject Header Field, and some filtering
engines might object to a message without a Subject, this policy is
conservative and merely obscures that Header Field by replacing it
with a fixed string [...]. By contrast, Comments and Keywords Header
Fields are comparatively rare, so these fields are removed entirely
from the Outer Header Section.
hcp_baseline(name, val_in) → val_out:
if lower(name) is 'subject':
return '[...]'
else if lower(name) is in ['comments', 'keywords']:
return null
else:
return val_in
hcp_baseline is the recommended default HCP for a new implementation, HCP, as it provides
meaningful confidentiality protections and is unlikely to cause
deliverability or usability problems.
3.2.2. Shy Header Confidentiality Policy
Alternately, a slightly more ambitious (and therefore more privacy-
preserving) HCP might avoid leaking human-interpretable data that
MTAs generally don't care about. The additional protected data isn't
related to message routing or transport but might reveal sensitive
information about the sender or their relationship to the recipients.
This "shy" HCP builds on hcp_baseline but also:
* avoids revealing the display-name of each identified email address
and
* avoids leaking the sender's locally configured time zone in the
Date Header Field.
hcp_shy(name, val_in) → val_out:
if lower(name) is 'from':
if val_in is an RFC 5322 mailbox:
return the RFC 5322 addr-spec part of val_in
if lower(name) in ['to', 'cc']:
if val_in is an RFC 5322 mailbox-list:
let val_out be an empty mailbox-list
for each mailbox in val_in:
append the RFC 5322 addr-spec part of mailbox to val_out
return val_out
if lower(name) is 'date':
if val_in is an RFC 5322 date-time:
return the UTC form of val_in
else if lower(name) is 'subject':
return '[...]'
else if lower(name) is in ['comments', 'keywords']:
return null
return val_in
hcp_shy requires more sophisticated parsing and Header Field
manipulation and is not recommended as a default HCP for new
implementations. HCP.
3.2.3. No Header Confidentiality Policy
Legacy MUAs can be conceptualized as offering a "No Header
Confidentiality" Policy, which offers no confidentiality protection
to any Header Field:
hcp_no_confidentiality(name, val_in) → val_out:
return val_in
A conformant MUA that is not modified by local policy or
configuration MUST NOT use hcp_no_confidentiality by default.
3.3. Default Header Confidentiality Policy
An MUA MUST have a default HCP that offers confidentiality for the
Subject Header Field at least. Local policy and configuration may
alter this default, but the MUA SHOULD NOT require the user to select
an HCP.
hcp_baseline provides confidentiality for the Subject Header Field by
replacing it with the literal string "[...]". It also provides
confidentiality for the other less common Informational Header Fields
(Comments and Keywords) by removing them entirely from the Outer
Header Section. This is a sensible default because most users treat
the Informational Fields of a message (particularly the Subject) the
same way that they treat the Body, and they are surprised to find
that the Subject of an encrypted message is visible.
3.4. HCP Evolution
This document does not mandate any particular HCP, though it offers
guidance for MUA implementers in selecting one in Section 3.3.
Future documents may recommend or mandate such a policy for an MUA
with specific needs. Such a recommendation might be motivated by
descriptions of metadata-derived attacks, stem from research about
message deliverability, or describe new signaling mechanisms, but
these topics are out of scope for this document.
3.4.1. Offering More Ambitious Header Confidentiality
An MUA MAY offer even more ambitious confidentiality for Header
Fields of an encrypted message than defined in Section 3.2.2. For
example, it might implement an HCP that removes the To and Cc Header
Fields entirely, relying on the SMTP envelope to ensure proper
routing. Or it might remove References and In-Reply-To so that
message threading is not visible to any MTA. Any more ambitious
choice might result in deliverability, rendering, or usability issues
for the relevant messages, so testing and documentation will be
valuable to get this right.
The authors of this document hope that implementers with deployment
experience will document their chosen HCP and the rationale behind
their choice.
3.4.2. Expert Guidance for Registering Header Confidentiality Policies
There is no formal syntax specified for the HCP, but any attempt to
specify an HCP for inclusion in the registry needs to provide:
* a stable reference document clearly indicating the distinct name
for the proposed HCP,
* pseudocode that other implementers can clearly and unambiguously
interpret,
* a clear explanation of why this HCP is different from all other
registered HCPs, and
* any relevant considerations related to deployment of the HCP (for
example, known or expected deliverability, rendering, or privacy
challenges and possible mitigations).
When the proposed HCP produces any non-null output for a given Header
Field name, val_out SHOULD match the expected ABNF for that Header
Field. If the proposed HCP does not match the expected ABNF for that
Header Field, the documentation should explicitly identify the
relevant circumstances and provide a justification for the deviation.
An entry should not be marked as "Recommended" unless it has been
shown to offer confidentiality or privacy improvements over the
status quo and have minimal or mitigable negative impact on messages
to which it is applied, considering factors such as message
deliverability and security. Only one entry in the table
(hcp_baseline) is initially marked as "Recommended". In the future,
more than one entry may be marked as "Recommended".
4. Receiving Guidance
An MUA that receives a cryptographically protected email will render
it for the user.
The receiving MUA will render the message Body, render a selected
subset of Header Fields, and (as described in Section 3 of [RFC9787])
provide a summary of the cryptographic properties of the message.
Most MUAs only render a subset of Header Fields by default. For
example, most MUAs render the From, To, Cc, Date, and Subject Header
Fields to the user, but few render Message-Id or Received.
An MUA that knows how to handle a message with Header Protection
makes the following four changes to its behavior when rendering a
message:
* If the MUA detects that an incoming message has protected Header
Fields:
- For a Header Field that is present in the protected Header
Section, the MUA SHOULD render the protected value and ignore
any unprotected counterparts that may be present (with a
special exception for the From Header Field (see Section 4.4)).
- For a Header Field that is present only in the Outer Header
Section, the MUA SHOULD NOT render that value. If it does
render the value, the MUA SHOULD indicate that the rendered
value is unprotected. For an exception to this, see Section 7
for a discussion of some specific Header Fields that are known
to be added in transit and therefore are not expected to have
end-to-end cryptographic protections.
* The MUA SHOULD include information in the message's Cryptographic
Summary to indicate the types of protection that applied to each
rendered Header Field (if any).
* If any Legacy Display Elements are present in the Body of the
message, it does not render them.
* When replying to (or forwarding) a message with confidential
Header Fields, the replying (or forwarding) MUA avoids leaking any
Header Fields that were confidential in the original into the
cleartext of the reply. reply (or forwarded message). It does this even
if its own HCP would not have treated those Header Fields as
confidential. See Section 6 for more details.
Note that an MUA that handles a message with Header Protection does
_not_ need to render any new Header Fields that it did not render
before.
4.1. Identifying That a Message Has Header Protection
An incoming message can be identified as having Header Protection
using the following test:
* The Cryptographic Payload has parameter hp set to "clear" or
"cipher". See Section 4.5 for rendering guidance.
When consuming a message, an MUA MUST ignore the hp parameter to
Content-Type when it encounters it anywhere other than the root of
the message's Cryptographic Payload.
4.2. Extracting Protected and Unprotected ("Outer") Header Fields From an Encrypted Message
When a message is encrypted and uses Header Protection, an the receiving
MUA extracts a list two lists of protected Header Fields (names and values), as
well as a values):
* The list of Header Fields that were the sending MUA applied to the
protected message.
* Those Header Fields added by the original
message sender in unprotected form sending MUA to the outside (unprotected)
Outer Header Section of the message's
Cryptographic Envelope. message, intended for interpretation
by MTAs and Legacy MUAs.
The following algorithm takes reference referenced message refmsg as input,
which is encrypted with Header Protection as described in this
document (that is, the Cryptographic Envelope includes a
Cryptographic Layer that provides encryption, and the hp parameter
for the Content-Type Header Field of the Cryptographic Payload is
cipher). It produces as output a pair of lists of (h,v) Header
Fields.
4.2.1. HeaderSetsFromMessage
Method signature:
HeaderSetsFromMessage(refmsg) -> (refouter, refprotected)
Procedure:
1. Let refheaders be the list of (h,v) protected Header Fields found
in the root of the Cryptographic Payload. Payload of refmsg.
2. Let refouter be an empty list of Header Field names and values.
3. Let refprotected be an empty list of Header Field names and
values.
4. For each (h,v) in refheaders:
i. If h is HP-Outer:
a. Split v into (h1,v1) on the first colon (:), followed by
any amount of whitespace.
b. Append (h1,v1) to refouter.
ii. Else:
a. Append (h,v) to refprotected.
5. Return refouter, refprotected.
Note that this algorithm is independent of the unprotected Outer Header
Fields. Section.
It derives its output only from the normal Header Fields and the HP-Outer HP-
Outer Header Fields, both contained inside the Cryptographic Payload.
4.3. Updating the Cryptographic Summary
Regardless of whether a cryptographically protected message has
protected Header Fields, the Cryptographic Summary of the message
should be modified to indicate what protections the Header Fields
have. This field-by-field status is complex and isn't necessarily
intended to be presented in full to the user. Rather, it represents
the state of the message internally within the MUA and may be used to
influence behavior like replying to or forwarding the message (see
Section 6.1).
Each Header Field individually has exactly one of the following
protection states:
* unprotected (has no Header Protection)
* signed-only (bound into the same validated signature as the
enclosing message, but also visible in transit)
* encrypted-only (only appears within the Cryptographic Payload; the
corresponding external Header Field was either removed or
obscured)
* signed-and-encrypted (same as encrypted-only, but additionally is
under a validated signature)
If the message does not have Header Protection (as determined by
Section 4.1), then all of the Header Fields are by definition
unprotected.
If the message has Header Protection, an MUA SHOULD use the following
algorithm to compute the protection state of a protected Header Field
(h,v) (that is, an element of refprotected from Section 4.2):
(h,v):
4.3.1. HeaderFieldProtection
Method signature:
HeaderFieldProtection(msg, h, v) -> protection_state
Procedure:
1. Let ct be the Content-Type of the root of the Cryptographic
Payload of msg.
2. Compute (refouter, refprotected) from HeaderSetsFromMessage(msg).
3. If (h, v) is not in refprotected:
i. Abort, v is not a valid value for Header Field h.
4. Let is_sig_valid be false.
5. If the message is signed:
i. Let is_sig_valid be the result of validating the signature.
6. If the message is encrypted, and if ct has a parameter
hp="cipher", and if (h,v) is not in refouter:
i. Return signed-and-encrypted if is_sig_valid, otherwise return
encrypted-only.
7. Return signed-only if is_sig_valid, otherwise return unprotected.
Note that:
* This algorithm is independent of the unprotected Header Fields.
It derives the protection state only from (h,v) and the set of HP-
Outer Header Fields, both of which are inside the Cryptographic
Envelope.
* If the signature fails validation, the MUA lowers the affected
state to unprotected or encrypted-only without any additional
warning to the user, as specified by user (see also Section 3.1 of [RFC9787]. [RFC9787]).
* Data from signed-and-encrypted and encrypted-only Header Fields
may still not be fully private (see Section 11.2).
* Encryption may have been added in transit to an originally signed-
only message. Thus, only consider Header Fields to be
confidential if the sender indicates it with the hp="cipher"
parameter.
* The protection state of a Header Field may be weaker than that of
the message Body. For example, a message Body can be signed-and-
encrypted, but a Header Field that is copied unmodified to the
Outer Header Section is signed-only.
If the message has Header Protection, the Header Fields that are not
in refprotected (e.g., because they were added in transit) are
unprotected.
Rendering the cryptographic status of each Header Field is likely to
be complex and messy -- users may not understand it. It is beyond
the scope of this document to suggest any specific graphical
affordances or user experience. Future work should include examples
of successful rendering of this information.
4.4. Handling Mismatch of From Header Fields
End-to-end (MUA-to-MUA) Header Protection is good for authenticity,
integrity, and confidentiality, but it potentially introduces new
issues when an MUA depends on its MTA to authenticate parts of the
Header Section. The latter is typically the case in modern email
systems.
In particular, when an MUA depends on its MTA to ensure that the
email address in the (unprotected) From Header Field is authentic,
but the MUA renders the email address of the protected From Header
Field that differs from the address visible to the MTA, this could
create a risk of sender address spoofing (see Section 10.1). This
potential risk applies to signed-only messages as well as signed-and-
encrypted messages.
4.4.1. Definitions
4.4.1.1. From Header Field Mismatch
"From Header Field Mismatch" is defined as follows:
The addr-spec of the inner From Header Field doesn't match the addr-
spec of the outer From Header Field (see Section 4.4.5).
Note: The unprotected From Header Field used in this comparison is
the actual outer Header Field found in the Outer Header Section (as seen by
the MTA), not the value indicated by any potential inner HP-Outer. HP-Outer
Header Field.
4.4.1.2. No Valid and Correctly Bound Signature
"No Valid and Correctly Bound Signature" is defined as follows:
There is no valid signature made by a certificate for which the MUA
has a valid binding to the protected From address. This includes:
* the message has no signature
* the message has a broken signature
* the message has a valid signature, but the receiving MUA does not
see any valid binding between the signing certificate and the
addr-spec of the inner From Header Field
Note: There are many possible ways that an MUA could choose to
validate a certificate-to-address binding. For example, the MUA
could ensure the certificate is issued by one of a set of trusted
certification authorities, it could rely on the user to do a manual
out-of-band comparison, it could rely on a DNSSEC signal ([RFC7929]
or [RFC8162]), and so on. It is beyond the scope of this document to
describe all possible ways an MUA might validate the certificate-to-
address binding or to choose among them.
4.4.2. Warning for From Header Field Mismatch
To mitigate the above described risk of sender address spoofing, an
MUA SHOULD warn the user whenever both of the following conditions
are met:
* From Header Field Mismatch (as defined in Section 4.4.1.1) and
* No Valid and Correctly Bound Signature (as defined in
Section 4.4.1.2)
This warning should be comparable to the MUA's warning about messages
that are likely spam or phishing, and it SHOULD show both of the non-
matching From Header Fields.
4.4.3. From Header Field Rendering
Furthermore, a receiving MUA that depends on its MTA to authenticate
the unprotected (outer) (unprotected) outer From Header Field SHOULD render the outer
From Header Field (as an exception to the guidance in the beginning
of Section 4) if both of the following conditions are met:
* From Header Field Mismatch (as defined in Section 4.4.1.1) and
* No Valid and Correctly Bound Signature (as defined in
Section 4.4.1.2)
An MUA MAY apply a local preference to render a different display
name (e.g., from an address book).
See Section 10.1.1 for a detailed explanation of this rendering
guidance.
4.4.4. Handling the Protected From Header Field When Responding
When responding to a message, an MUA has different ways to populate
the recipients of the new message. Depending on whether it is a
Reply, a Reply All, or a Forward, an MUA may populate the composer
view using a combination of the referenced message's From, To, Cc,
Reply-To, or Mail-Followup-To Header Fields or as well as any other
signals.
When responding to a message with Header Protection, an MUA MUST only
use the protected Header Fields when populating the recipients of the
new message.
This avoids compromise of message confidentiality when a machine-in-
the-middle (MITM) attacker modifies the unprotected From address of
an encrypted message, attempting to learn the contents through a
misdirected reply. Note that with the rendering guidance above, a
MITM attacker can cause the unprotected From Header Field to be
displayed. Thus, when responding, the populated To address may
differ from the rendered From address. However, this change in
addresses should not cause more user confusion than the address
change caused by a Reply-To in a Legacy Message does.
4.4.5. Matching addr-specs
When generating (Section 3.1.1) or consuming (Section 4.4) a
protected From Header Field, the MUA considers the equivalence of two
different addr-spec values.
First, the MUA MUST check whether the domain part of an addr-spec
being compared contains a U-label [RFC5890]. If it does, it MUST be
converted to the A-label form as described in [RFC5891]. We call a
domain converted in this way (or the original domain if it didn't
contain any U-label) "the ASCII version of the domain part". Second,
the MUA MUST compare the ASCII version of the domain part of the two
addr-specs by standard DNS comparison: Assume ASCII text and compare
alphabetic characters case-insensitively, as described in Section 3.1
of [RFC1035]. If the domain parts match, then the two local-parts
are matched against each other. The simplest and most common
comparison for the local-part is also an ASCII-based, case-
insensitive match. If the MUA has special knowledge about the domain
and, when composing, it can reasonably expect the receiving MUAs to
have the same information, it MAY match the local-part using a more
sophisticated and inclusive matching algorithm.
It is beyond the scope of this document to recommend a more
sophisticated and inclusive matching algorithm.
4.5. Rendering a Message with Header Protection
When the Cryptographic Payload's Content-Type has the parameter hp
set to "clear" or "cipher", the values of the protected Header Fields
are drawn from the Header Fields of the Cryptographic Payload, and
the Body that is rendered is the content of the Cryptographic Payload
itself.
4.5.1. Example Signed-Only Message
Consider a message with this structure, where the MUA is able to
validate the cryptographic signature:
A └─╴application/pkcs7-mime; smime-type="signed-data"
⇩ (unwraps to)
B └┬╴multipart/alternative [Cryptographic Payload + Rendered Body]
C ├─╴text/plain
D └─╴text/html
The message Body should be rendered the same way as this message:
B └┬╴multipart/alternative
C ├─╴text/plain
D └─╴text/html
The MUA should render Header Fields taken from part B.
Its Cryptographic Summary should indicate that the message was signed
and all rendered Header Fields were included in the signature.
Because this message is signed-only, none of its parts will have a
Legacy Display Element.
The MUA should ignore Header Fields from part A for the purposes of
rendering.
4.5.2. Example Signed-and-Encrypted Message
Consider a message with this structure, where the MUA is able to
validate the cryptographic signature:
E └─╴application/pkcs7-mime; smime-type="enveloped-data"
↧ (decrypts to)
F └─╴application/pkcs7-mime; smime-type="signed-data"
⇩ (unwraps to)
G └┬╴multipart/alternative [Cryptographic Payload + Rendered Body]
H ├─╴text/plain
I └─╴text/html
The message Body should be rendered the same way as this message:
G └┬╴multipart/alternative
H ├─╴text/plain
I └─╴text/html
It should render Header Fields taken from part G.
Its Cryptographic Summary should indicate that the message is signed-
and-encrypted.
When rendering the Cryptographic Status of a Header Field and when
composing a reply, reply (or forward), each Header Field found in G should
be considered against all HP-Outer Header Fields found in G. If an
HP-Outer Header Field that matches both the name and value is found,
the Header Field's Cryptographic Status is just signed-only, even
though the message itself is signed-and-encrypted. If no matching
HP-Outer Header Field is found, the Header Field's Cryptographic
Status is signed-and-encrypted, like the rest of the message. message (see
Section 4.3).
If any of the User-Facing Header Fields are removed or obscured, the
composer of this message may have placed Legacy Display Elements in
parts H and I.
The MUA should ignore Header Fields from part E for the purposes of
rendering.
4.5.3. Do Not Render Legacy Display Elements
As described in Section 2.1.2, a message with cryptographic
confidentiality protection MAY include Legacy Display Elements for
backward compatibility with Legacy MUAs. These Legacy Display
Elements are strictly decorative and unambiguously identifiable and
will be discarded by compliant implementations.
The receiving MUA MUST completely avoid rendering the identified
Legacy Display Elements to the user, since it is aware of Header
Protection and can render the actual protected Header Fields.
If a text/html or text/plain part within the Cryptographic Envelope
is identified as containing Legacy Display Elements, those elements
MUST be hidden when rendering and MUST be dropped when generating a
draft reply or inline forwarded message. Whenever a Message message or a
MIME subtree is exported, downloaded, or otherwise further processed,
if there is no need to retain a valid cryptographic signature, the
implementer MAY drop the Legacy Display Elements.
4.5.3.1. Identifying a Part with Legacy Display Elements
A receiving MUA acting on a message that contains an encrypting
Cryptographic Layer identifies a MIME subpart within the
Cryptographic Payload as containing Legacy Display Elements based on
the Content-Type of the subpart. The subpart's Content-Type:
* contains a parameter hp-legacy-display with value set to 1 and
* is either text/html text/plain (see Section 4.5.3.3) 4.5.3.2) or text/plain text/html (see
Section 4.5.3.2). 4.5.3.3).
Note that the term "subpart" above is used in the general sense: If
the Cryptographic Payload is a single part, that part itself may
contain a Legacy Display Element if it is marked with the hp-legacy-
display="1" parameter.
4.5.3.2. Omitting Legacy Display Elements from text/plain
If a text/plain part within the Cryptographic Payload has the
Content-Type parameter hp-legacy-display="1", it should be processed
before rendering in the following fashion:
* Discard the leading lines of the content of the MIME part up to
and including the first entirely blank line.
Note that implementing this strategy is dependent on the charset used
by the MIME part.
See Appendix E.1 for an example.
4.5.3.3. Omitting Legacy Display Elements from text/html
If a text/html part within the Cryptographic Payload has the Content-
Type parameter hp-legacy-display="1", it should be processed before
rendering in the following fashion:
* If any element of the HTML <body> is a <div> with class attribute
header-protection-legacy-display, that entire element should be
omitted.
This cleanup could be done, for example, as a custom rule in the
MUA's HTML sanitizer, if one exists. Another implementation strategy
for an HTML-capable MUA would be to add an entry to the [CSS] style
sheet for such a part:
body div.header-protection-legacy-display { display: none; }
4.6. Implicitly Rendered Header Fields
While the From, To, Cc, Subject, and Date Header Fields are often
explicitly rendered to the user, some Header Fields do affect message
display without being explicitly rendered.
For example, the Message-Id, References, and In-Reply-To Header
Fields may collectively be used to place a message in a "thread" or
series of messages.
In another example, Section 6.2 notes that the value of the Reply-To
Header Field can influence the draft reply message. So while the
user may never see the Reply-To Header Field directly, it is
implicitly "rendered" when the user interacts with the message by
replying to it.
An MUA that depends on any implicitly rendered Header Field in a
message with Header Protection MUST use the value from the protected
Header Field and SHOULD NOT use any value found outside the
cryptographic protection unless it is known to be a Header Field
added in transit, as specified in Section 7.
4.7. Handling Undecryptable Messages
An MUA might receive an apparently encrypted message that it cannot
currently decrypt. For example, when an MUA does not have regular
access to the secret key material needed for decryption, it cannot
know the cryptographically protected Header Fields or even whether
the message has any cryptographically protected Header Fields.
Such an undecrypted message will be rendered by the MUA as a message
without any Header Protection. This means that the message summary
may well change how it is rendered when the user is finally able to
supply the secret key.
For example, the rendering of the Subject Header Field in a mailbox
summary might change from [...] to the real message subject when the
message is decrypted. Or the message's placement in a message thread
might change if, say, References or In-Reply-To have been removed or
obscured (see Section 4.6).
Additionally, if the MUA does not retain access to the decrypting
secret key, and it drops the decrypted form of a message, the
message's rendering may revert to the encrypted form. For example,
if an MUA follows this behavior, the Subject Header Field in a
mailbox summary might change from the real message subject back to
[...]. Or the message might be displayed outside of its current
thread if the MUA loses access to a removed References or In-Reply-To
Header Field.
These behaviors are likely to surprise the user. However, an MUA has
several possible ways of reducing or avoiding all of these surprises,
including:
* Ensuring that the MUA always has access to decryption-capable
secret key material.
* Rendering undecrypted messages in a special quarantine view until
the decryption-capable secret key material is available.
To reduce or avoid the surprises associated with a decrypted message
with removed or obscured Header Fields becoming undecryptable, the
MUA could also:
* Securely cache metadata from a decrypted message's protected
Header Fields so that its rendering doesn't change after the first
decryption.
* Securely store the session key associated with a decrypted message
so that attempts to read the message when the long-term secret key
is unavailable can proceed using only the session key itself. For
example, see the discussion about stashing session keys in
Section 9.1 of [RFC9787].
4.8. Guidance for Automated Message Handling
Some automated systems have a control channel that is operated by
email. For example, an incoming email message could subscribe
someone to a mailing list, initiate the purchase of a specific
product, approve another message for redistribution, or adjust the
state of some shared object.
To the extent that such a system depends on end-to-end cryptographic
guarantees about the email control message, Header Protection as
defined in this document should improve the system's security. This
section provides some specific guidance for systems that use email
messages as a control channel that want to benefit from these
security improvements.
4.8.1. Only Interpret Protected Header Fields
Consider the situation where an email-based control channel depends
on the message's cryptographic signature and the action taken depends
on some Header Field of the message.
In this case, the automated system MUST rely on information from the
Header Field that is protected by the mechanism defined in this
document. It MUST NOT rely on any Header Field found outside the
Cryptographic Payload.
For example, consider an administrative interface for a mailing list
manager that only accepts control messages that are signed by one of
its administrators. When an inbound message for the list arrives, it
is queued (waiting for administrative approval) and the system
generates and listens for two distinct email addresses related to the
queued message -- one that approves the message and one that rejects
it. If an administrator sends a signed control message to the
approval address, the mailing list verifies that the protected To
Header Field of the signed control message contains the approval
address before approving the queued message for redistribution. If
the protected To Header Field does not contain that address, or there
is no protected To Header Field, then the mailing list logs or
reports the error and does not act on that control message.
4.8.2. Ignore Legacy Display Elements
Consider the situation where an email-based control channel expects
to receive an end-to-end encrypted message -- for example, where the
control messages need confidentiality guarantees -- and where the
action taken depends on the contents of some MIME part within the
message Body.
In this case, the automated system that decrypts the incoming
messages and scans the relevant MIME part MUST identify when the MIME
part contains a Legacy Display Element (see Section 4.5.3.1), and it
MUST parse the relevant MIME part with the Legacy Display Element
removed.
For example, consider an administrative interface of a confidential
issue tracking software. An authorized user can confidentially
adjust the status of a tracked issue by a specially formatted first
line of the message Body (for example, severity #183 serious). When
the user's MUA encrypts a plaintext control message to this issue
tracker, depending on the MUA's HCP and its choice of legacy value,
it may add a Legacy Display Element. If it does so, then the first
line of the message Body will contain a decorative copy of the
confidential Subject Header Field. The issue tracking software
decrypts the incoming control message, identifies that there is a
Legacy Display Element in the part (see Section 4.5.3.1), strips the
lines comprising the Legacy Display Element (including the first
blank line), and only then parses the remaining top line to look for
the expected special formatting.
4.9. Affordances for Debugging and Troubleshooting
Note that advanced users of an MUA may need access to the original
message, for example, to troubleshoot problems with the rendering MUA
itself or problems with the SMTP transport path taken by the message.
An MUA that applies these rendering guidelines SHOULD ensure that the
full original source of the message as it was received remains
available to such a user for debugging and troubleshooting.
If a troubleshooting scenario demands information about the
cryptographically protected values of Header Fields, and the message
is encrypted, the debugging interface SHOULD also provide a "source"
view of the Cryptographic Payload itself, alongside the full original
source of the message as received.
4.10. Handling RFC8551HP Messages (Backward Compatibility)
Section 1.1.1 describes some drawbacks to the Header Protection
scheme defined in [RFC8551], referred to here as RFC8551HP. An MUA
MUST NOT generate an RFC8551HP message. However, for backward
compatibility, an MUA MAY try to render or respond to such a message
as though the message has standard Header Protection.
The following two sections contain guidance for identifying,
rendering, and replying to to, and forwarding RFC8551HP messages.
Corresponding test vectors are provided in Appendices C.2.5, C.2.6,
and C.3.17.
4.10.1. Identifying an RFC8551HP Message
An RFC8551HP message can be identified by its MIME structure, given
that all of the following conditions are met:
* It has a well-formed Cryptographic Envelope consisting of at least
one Cryptographic Layer as the outermost MIME object.
* The Cryptographic Payload is a single message/rfc822 object.
* The message that constitutes the Cryptographic Payload does not
itself have a well-formed Cryptographic Envelope; that is, its
outermost MIME object is not a Cryptographic Layer.
* No Content-Type parameter of hp= is set on either the
Cryptographic Payload or its immediate MIME child.
Here is the MIME structure of an example signed-and-encrypted
RFC8551HP message:
A └─╴application/pkcs7-mime; smime-type="enveloped-data"
↧ (decrypts to)
B └─╴application/pkcs7-mime; smime-type="signed-data"
⇩ (unwraps to)
C └┬╴message/rfc822 [Cryptographic Payload]
D └┬╴multipart/alternative [Rendered Body]
E ├─╴text/plain
F └─╴text/html
This meets the definition of an RFC8551HP message because:
* Cryptographic Layers A and B form the Cryptographic Envelope.
* The Cryptographic Payload, rooted in part C, has Content-Type:
message/rfc822.
* Part D (the MIME root of the message at C) is itself not a
Cryptographic Layer.
* Neither part C nor part D have any hp parameters set on their
Content-Type.
4.10.2. Rendering or Responding to an RFC8551HP Message
When an MUA has precisely identified a message as an RFC8551HP
message, the MUA MAY render or respond to that message as though it
were a message with Header Protection as defined in this document by
making the following adjustments:
* Rather than rendering the message Body as the Cryptographic
Payload itself (part C in the example above), render the RFC8551HP
message's Body as the MIME subtree that is the Cryptographic
Payload's immediate child (part D).
* Make a comparable modification to HeaderSetsFromMessage
(Section 4.2.1) and HeaderFieldProtection (Section 4.3.1): Both
algorithms currently look for the protected Header Fields on the
Cryptographic Payload (part C), but they should instead look at
the Cryptographic Payload's immediate child (part D).
* If the Cryptographic Envelope is signed-only, behave as though
there is an hp="clear" parameter for the Cryptographic Payload; if
the Envelope contains encryption, behave as though there is an
hp="cipher" parameter. That is, infer the sender's cryptographic
intent from the structure of the message.
* If the Cryptographic Envelope contains encryption, further modify
HeaderSetsFromMessage to derive refouter from the actual outer
message Outer
Header Fields Section (those Header Fields found in part A in the example
above) rather than looking for HP-Outer Header Fields with the
other protected Header Fields. That is, infer Header Field
confidentiality based on the unprotected Header Fields.
The inferences in the above modifications are not based on any strong
end-to-end guarantees. An intervening MTA may tamper with the
message's Outer Header Section or wrap the message in an encryption
layer to undetectably change the recipient's understanding of the
confidentiality of the message's Header Fields or the message Body
itself.
4.11. Rendering Other Schemes
Other MUAs may have generated different structures of messages that
aim to offer end-to-end cryptographic protections that include Header
Protection. This document is not normative for those schemes, and it
is NOT RECOMMENDED to generate these other schemes, as they can
either have structural flaws or simply render poorly on Legacy MUAs.
A conformant MUA MAY attempt to infer Header Protection when
rendering an existing message that appears to use some other scheme
not documented here. Pointers to some known other schemes can be
found in Appendix F.
5. Sending Guidance
This section describes the process an MUA should use to apply
cryptographic protection to an email message with Header Protection.
When composing a message with end-to-end cryptographic protections,
an MUA SHOULD apply Header Protection.
When generating such a message, an MUA MUST add the hp parameter (see
Section 2.1.1) only to the Content-Type Header Field at the root of
the message's Cryptographic Payload. The value of the parameter MUST
indicate whether the Cryptographic Envelope contains a layer that
provides encryption.
5.1. Composing a Cryptographically Protected Message Without Header
Protection
For contrast, we first consider the typical message composition
process of a Legacy Crypto MUA, which does not provide any Header
Protection.
This process is described in Section 5.1 of [RFC9787]. We replicate
it here for reference. The inputs to the algorithm are:
* origbody: The unprotected message Body as a well-formed MIME tree
(possibly just a single MIME leaf part). As a well-formed MIME
tree, origbody already has Structural Header Fields (Content-*)
present.
* origheaders: The intended Non-Structural Header Fields for the
message, represented here as a list of (h,v) pairs, where h is a
Header Field name and v is the associated value. Note that these
are Header Fields that the MUA intends to be visible to the
recipient of the message. In particular, if the MUA uses the Bcc
Header Field during composition but plans to omit it from the
message (see Section 3.6.3 of [RFC5322]), it will not be in
origheaders.
* crypto: The series of cryptographic protections to apply (for
example, "sign with the secret key corresponding to X.509
certificate X, then encrypt to X.509 certificates X and Y"). This
is a routine that accepts a MIME tree as input (the Cryptographic
Payload), wraps the input in the appropriate Cryptographic
Envelope, and returns the resultant MIME tree as output.
The algorithm returns a MIME object that is ready to be injected into
the mail system.
5.1.1. ComposeNoHeaderProtection
Method signature:
ComposeNoHeaderProtection(origbody, origheaders, crypto) ->
mime_message
Procedure:
1. Apply crypto to MIME part origbody, producing MIME tree output.
2. For each Header Field name and value (h,v) in origheaders:
i. Add Header Field h to output with value v.
3. Return output.
5.2. Composing a Message with Header Protection
To compose a message using Header Protection, the composing MUA uses
the following inputs:
* all the inputs described in Section 5.1
* hcp: an HCP, as defined in Section 3
* respond: if the new message is a response to another message
(e.g., "Reply", "Reply All", "Forward", etc.), message, the MUA function
MUA's Respond Function corresponding to the user's action (see
Section 6.1), 6.1.1), otherwise null
* refmsg: if the new message is a response to another message, the
message being responded to, otherwise null
* legacy: a boolean value, indicating whether any recipient of the
message is believed to have a Legacy MUA. If all recipients are
known to implement this document, legacy should be set to false.
(How an MUA determines the value of legacy is out of scope for
this document; an initial implementation can simply set it to
true.)
To enable visibility of User-Facing but now removed/obscured Header
Fields for decryption-capable Legacy MUAs, the Header Fields are
included as a decorative Legacy Display Element in specially marked
parts of the message (see Section 2.1.2). This document recommends
two mechanisms for such a decorative adjustment: one for a text/html text/plain
Main Body Part of the email message (see Section 5.2.2) and one for a text/plain text/html Main Body Part.
Part (see Section 5.2.3) of the email message. This document does
not recommend adding a Legacy Display Element to any other part.
Please see Section 7.1 of [RFC9787] for guidance on identifying the
parts of a message that are a Main Body Part.
5.2.1. Compose
Method signature:
Compose(origbody, origheaders, crypto, hcp, respond, refmsg, legacy)
-> mime_message
Procedure:
1. Let newbody be a copy of origbody.
2. If crypto contains encryption and legacy is true:
i. Create ldlist, an empty list of (header, value) pairs.
ii. For each Header Field name and value (h,v) in origheaders:
a. If h is User-Facing (see Section 1.1.2 of [RFC9787]):
I. If hcp(h,v) is not v:
A. Add (h,v) to ldlist.
iii. If ldlist is not empty:
a. Identify each leaf MIME part of newbody that represents
a "Main Body Part" of the message.
b. For each "Main Body Part" bodypart of type text/plain
or text/html:
I. Adjust bodypart by inserting a Legacy Display
Element Header Field list ldlist into its content
and adding a Content-Type parameter hp-legacy-
display with value 1 (see Section 5.2.2 for text/
plain and Section 5.2.3 for text/html).
3. For each Header Field name and value (h,v) in origheaders:
i. Add Header Field h to MIME part newbody with value v.
4. If crypto does not contain encryption:
i. Set the hp parameter on the Content-Type of MIME part
newbody to clear.
ii. Let newheaders be a copy of origheaders.
5. Else (if crypto contains encryption):
i. Set the hp parameter on the Content-Type of MIME part
newbody to cipher.
ii. If refmsg is not null, respond is not null, and refmsg
itself is encrypted with Header Protection:
a. Let response_hcp be a single-use HCP derived from
respond and refmsg an ephemeral HCP, the output of
ReferenceHCP(refmsg, respond) (see Section 6.1). 6.1.2).
iii. Else (if this is not a response to an encrypted, header-
protected message):
a. Set response_hcp to hcp_no_confidentiality.
iv. Create a new empty list of Header Field names and values
newheaders.
v.
iv. For each Header Field name and value (h,v) in origheaders:
a. Let newval be hcp(h,v).
b. If newval is v:
I. Let newval be response_hcp(h,v).
c. If newval is not null:
I. Add (h,newval) to newheaders.
vi.
v. For each Header Field name and value (h,v) in newheaders:
a. Let string record be the concatenation of h, a literal
": " (ASCII colon (0x3A) followed by ASCII space
(0x20)), and v.
b. Add Header Field "HP-Outer" to MIME part newbody with
value record.
6. Apply crypto to MIME part newbody, producing MIME tree output.
7. For each Header Field name and value (h,v) in newheaders:
i. Add Header Field h to output with value v.
8. Return output.
Note that both new parameters (hcp and legacy) are effectively
ignored if crypto does not contain encryption. This is by design,
because they are irrelevant for signed-only cryptographic
protections.
5.2.2. Adding a Legacy Display Element to a text/plain Part
For a list of obscured and removed User-Facing Header Fields
represented as (header, value) pairs, concatenate them as a set of
lines, with one newline at the end of each pair. Add an additional
trailing newline after the resultant text, and prepend the entire
list to the content of the text/plain part.
The MUA MUST also add a Content-Type parameter of hp-legacy-display
with value 1 to the MIME part to indicate that a Legacy Display
Element was added.
For example, if the list of obscured Header Fields was [("Cc",
"alice@example.net"), ("Subject", "Thursday's meeting")], then a
text/plain Main Body Part that originally looked like this:
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
I think we should skip the meeting.
would become:
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; hp-legacy-display=1
Subject: Thursday's meeting
Cc: alice@example.net
I think we should skip the meeting.
Note that the Legacy Display Element (the lines beginning with
Subject: and Cc:) is part of the content of the MIME part in
question.
This example assumes that the Main Body Part in question is not the
root of the Cryptographic Payload. For instance, it could be a leaf
of a multipart/alternative Cryptographic Payload. This is why there
are no additional Header Fields have been injected into in the MIME part in of this example.
5.2.3. Adding a Legacy Display Element to a text/html Part
Adding a Legacy Display Element to a text/html part is similar to how
it is added to a text/plain part (see Section 5.2.2). Instead of
adding the obscured or removed User-Facing Header Fields to a block
of text delimited by a blank line, the composing MUA injects them in
an HTML <div> element annotated with a class attribute of header-
protection-legacy-display.
The content and formatting of this decorative <div> have no strict
requirements, but they MUST represent all the obscured and removed
User-Facing Header Fields in a readable fashion. A simple approach
is to assemble the text in the same way as Section 5.2.2, wrap it in
a verbatim <pre> element, and put that element in the annotated
<div>.
The annotated <div> should be placed as close to the start of the
<body> as possible, where it will be visible when viewed with a
standard HTML renderer.
The MUA MUST also add a Content-Type parameter of hp-legacy-display
with value 1 to the MIME part to indicate that a Legacy Display
Element was added.
For example, if the list of obscured Header Fields was [("Cc",
"alice@example.net"), ("Subject", "Thursday's meeting")], then a
text/html Main Body Part that originally looked like this:
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>I think we should skip the meeting.</p>
</body></html>
would become:
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8; hp-legacy-display=1
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<div class="header-protection-legacy-display">
<pre>Subject: Thursday's meeting
Cc: alice@example.net</pre></div>
<p>I think we should skip the meeting.</p>
</body></html>
This example assumes that the Main Body Part in question is not the
root of the Cryptographic Payload. For instance, it could be a leaf
of a multipart/alternative Cryptographic Payload. This is why there
are no additional Header Fields have been injected into in the MIME part in of this example.
5.2.3.1. Step-by-Step Example for Inserting a Legacy Display Element
into text/html
A composing MUA MAY insert the Legacy Display Element anywhere
reasonable within the message as long as it prioritizes visibility
for the reader using a Legacy MUA that is capable of decryption.
This decision may take into account special message-specific HTML
formatting expectations if the MUA is aware of them. However, some
MUAs may not have any special insight into the user's preferred HTML
formatting and still want to insert a Legacy Display Element. This
section offers a non-normative, simple, and minimal step-by-step
approach for a composing MUA that has no other information or
preferences to fall back on.
The process below assumes that the MUA already has the full HTML
object that it intends to send, including all of the text supplied by
the user.
1. Assemble the text exactly as specified for text/plain (see
Section 5.2.2).
2. Wrap that text in a verbatim <pre> element.
3. Wrap that <pre> element in a <div> element annotated with the
class header-protection-legacy-display.
4. Find the <body> element of the full HTML object.
5. Insert the <div> element as the first child of the <body>
element.
5.2.4. Only Add a Legacy Display Element to Main Body Parts
Some messages may contain a text/plain or text/html subpart that is
_not_ a Main Body Part. For example, an email message might contain
an attached text file or a downloaded web page. Attached documents
need to be preserved as intended in the transmission, without
modification.
The composing MUA MUST NOT add a Legacy Display Element to any part
of the message that is not a Main Body Part. In particular, if a
part is annotated with Content-Disposition: attachment, or if it does
not descend via the first child of any of its multipart/mixed or
multipart/related ancestors, it is not a Main Body Part and MUST NOT
be modified.
See Section 7.1 of [RFC9787] for more guidance about common ways to
distinguish Main Body Parts from other MIME parts in a message.
5.2.5. Do Not Add a Legacy Display Element to Other Content-Types
The purpose of injecting a Legacy Display Element into each Main Body
Part is to enable rendering of otherwise obscured Header Fields in
Legacy MUAs that are capable of message decryption but don't know how
to follow the rest of the guidance in this document.
The authors are unaware of any Legacy MUA that would render any MIME
part type other than text/plain and text/html as the Main Body. A
generating MUA SHOULD NOT add a Legacy Display Element to any MIME
part with any other Content-Type.
6. Replying and Forwarding Guidance
An MUA might create a new message in response to another message,
thus acting both as a receiving MUA and as a sending MUA. For
example, the user of an MUA viewing any given message might take an
action like "Reply", "Reply All", "Forward", or some comparable
action to start the composition of a new message. The new message
created this way effectively references the original message that was
viewed at the time.
For encrypted messages, special guidance applies, because information
can leak in at least two ways: leaking previously confidential Header
Fields and leaking the entire message by sending the reply or forward
to the wrong party.
6.1. Avoid Leaking Encrypted Header Fields in Replies and Forwards
As noted in Section 5.4 of [RFC9787], an MUA in this position MUST
NOT leak previously encrypted content in the clear in a follow-up
message. The same is true for protected Header Fields.
Values from any Header Field that was identified as either encrypted-
only or signed-and-encrypted based on the steps outlined above in
Section 4.3 MUST NOT be placed sent in cleartext output when generating in a reply or forwarded
message.
In particular,
For example, if Subject was encrypted, and it is copied into the
draft encrypted reply, reply's Subject, the replying MUA MUST will automatically
obscure the unprotected
(cleartext) reply's Subject Header Field.
When crafting the Header Fields for a reply or forwarded message, the
composing MUA SHOULD make use of the HP-Outer Header Fields from
within the Cryptographic Envelope of the reference referenced message to ensure
that Header Fields derived from the reference referenced message do not leak in
the reply. reply or forwarded message.
On a high level, this can be achieved as follows: Consider a Header
Field in a reply message that is generated by derivation from a
Header Field in the reference referenced message. For example, the To Header
Field is typically derived from the reference referenced message's Reply-To or
From Header Fields. When generating this Header Field for the outer copy of the Outer
Header
Field, Section, the composing MUA first applies its own HCP. If the
Header Field's value is changed by the that HCP, then it the resulting value
is applied to used for the Outer Header Section. If the Header Field's value is
unchanged, the composing MUA re-generates the Header Field using the
Header Fields that had been on in the outside Outer Header Section of the
original message at sending time. These can be are inferred from the HP-Outer HP-
Outer Header Fields located within the Cryptographic Payload of the
referenced message. If that the value is itself different than the
protected value, then it is applied to the Outer Header Section. If
the value is the same as the protected value, then it is simply
copied to the Outer Header Section directly.
Whether it was changed or not, As long as the
resulting value is not null, it is noted (whether identical to the
protected value or not) in the protected Header Section using HP-Outer, HP-
Outer, as described in Section 2.2.1.
See Appendix D.2 for a simple worked example of this process.
Below we describe a supporting algorithm to handle this. It produces
a list of Header Fields that should be obscured or removed in the new
message even if the sender's choice of HCP wouldn't normally remove
or obscure the Header Field in question. This is effectively a
single-use HCP. The normal sending guidance in Section 5.2 applies
this single-use HCP to implement the high-level guidance above.
6.1.1. ReferenceHCP The algorithm takes two inputs:
* A single referenced message refmsg
* A built-in MUA respond function associated with the user's action. Respond Function
The respond function mechanism described below depends on an abstraction referred to
in this document as a Respond Function.
The Respond Function takes a list of Header Fields from a referenced
message as input and generates a list of initial candidate message
Header Field names and values that are used to populate the message
composition interface.
Something like this function already exists in most MUAs, though it
may differ across responsive actions. For example, the respond function Respond
Function that implements "Reply All" is likely to be a different from
the
respond function Respond Function that implements "Reply". "Reply", which is in turn
different from the Respond Function that implements "Forward".
6.1.2. ReferenceHCP
The algorithm takes two inputs:
* refmsg: a single referenced message
* respond: the MUA's Respond Function associated with the user's
action (see Section 6.1.1)
As an output, it produces an ephemeral single-use HCP, specific to
this kind of response to this specific message.
Method signature:
ReferenceHCP(refmsg, respond) -> ephemeral_hcp response_hcp
Procedure:
1. If respond is null, refmsg is null, or refmsg is not encrypted
with Header Protection:
i. Return hcp_no_confidentiality (there is no header
confidentiality in the reference any referenced message that needs
protection).
2. Extract refouter, refprotected from refmsg as described in
Section 4.2.
3. Let genprotected be a list of (h,v) pairs generated by
respond(refprotected).
4. Let genouter be a list of (h,v) pairs generated by
respond(refouter).
5. For each (h,v) in genprotected:
i. If (h,v) is in genouter:
a. Remove (h,v) from both genprotected and genouter (this
Header Field does not need additional confidentiality).
6. Let confmap be a mapping from a Header Field name and value (h,v)
to either a string or the special value null (this mapping is
initially empty).
7. For each (h,v) remaining in genprotected:
i. Set result to the special value null.
ii. For each (h1,v1) in genouter:
a. If h1 is h:
I. Set result to v1.
iii. Insert (h,v) -> result into confmap.
8. Return a new HCP from confmap that tests whether the
(name,val_in) tuple is in confmap; if so, return
confmap[(name,val_in)]; otherwise, return val_in.
Note that the key idea here is to reuse the MUA's existing respond
function. Respond
Function. The algorithm simulates how the MUA would pre-populate a
reply to (or forward of) two messages whose Header Fields have the
values refouter and refprotected, respectively (independent of any
cryptographic protections). Then, it uses the difference to derive a
one-time HCP. This HCP takes into account both the referenced
message's sender's preferences and the derivations that can happen to
Header Field values when responding. Note that while some of these
derivations are straightforward (e.g., In-Reply-To is usually derived
from Message-ID), others are non-trivial. For example, the From
address may be derived from To, Cc, or the MUA's local address
preference (especially when the MUA received the referenced message
via Bcc). Similarly, To may be derived from To, From, and/or Cc
Header Fields depending on the MUA implementation and depending on
whether the user clicked "Reply", "Reply All", "Forward", or any
other action that generates a response to a message. Reusing the
MUA's existing
respond function Respond Function incorporates these nuances without
requiring any extra configuration choices or additional maintenance
burden.
6.2. Avoid Misdirected Replies
When replying to a message, the composing MUA typically decides who
to send the reply to based on:
* the Reply-To, Mail-Followup-To, or From Header Fields
* optionally, the other To or Cc Header Fields (if the user chose to
"Reply All")
When a message has Header Protection, the replying MUA MUST populate
the destination fields of the draft message using the protected
Header Fields and ignore any unprotected Header Fields.
This mitigates against an attack where Mallory gets a copy of an
encrypted message from Alice to Bob and then replays the message to
Bob with an additional Cc to Mallory's own email address in the
message's outer (unprotected) Outer Header Section.
If Bob knows Mallory's certificate already, and he replies to such a
message without following the guidance in this section, it's likely
that his MUA will encrypt the cleartext of the message directly to
Mallory.
7. Unprotected Header Fields Added in Transit
Some Header Fields are legitimately added in transit and could not
have been known to the sender at message composition time.
The most common of these Header Fields are Received and DKIM-
Signature, neither of which are typically rendered, either explicitly
or implicitly.
If a receiving MUA has specific knowledge about a given Header Field,
including that:
* the Header Field would not have been known to the original sender
and
* the Header Field might be rendered explicitly or implicitly,
then the MUA MAY decide to operate on the value of that Header Field
from the Outer Header Section, even though the message has Header
Protection.
The MUA MAY prefer to verify that the Header Fields in question have
additional transit-derived cryptographic protections before rendering
or acting on them. For example, the MUA could verify whether these
Header Fields are covered by an appropriate and valid ARC-
Authentication-Results (see [RFC8617]) or DKIM-Signature (see
[RFC6376]) Header Field.
Specific examples of Header Fields added in transit that are
meaningful to the user
and are commonly added by MTAs appear below. can be found in the following section.
7.1. Mailing List Header Fields: List-* and Archived-At
If the message arrives through a mailing list, the list manager
itself may inject Header Fields (most have a List- prefix) in the
message:
message. Header Fields commonly added by list managers include:
* List-Archive
* List-Subscribe
* List-Unsubscribe
* List-Id
* List-Help
* List-Post
* Archived-At
For some MUAs,
Some MUAs render these Header Fields are implicitly rendered by providing buttons
for actions like "Subscribe", "View Archived Version", "Reply List",
"List Info", etc.
An MUA that receives a message with Header Protection that contains
any of these Header Fields in the Outer Header Section and that has
reason to believe the message is coming through a mailing list MAY
decide to render them to the user (explicitly or implicitly) even
though they are not protected.
8. Email Ecosystem Evolution
The email ecosystem is the set of client-side and server-side
software and policies that are used in the creation, transmission,
storage, rendering, and indexing of email over the Internet.
This document is intended to offer tooling needed to improve the
state of the email ecosystem in a way that can be deployed without
significant disruption. Some elements of this specification are
present for transitional purposes but would not exist if the system
were designed from scratch.
This section describes these transitional mechanisms, as well as some
suggestions for how they might eventually be phased out.
8.1. Dropping Legacy Display Elements
Any decorative Legacy Display Element added to an encrypted message
that uses Header Protection is present strictly for enabling Header
Field visibility (most importantly, the Subject Header Field) when
the message is viewed with a decryption-capable Legacy MUA.
Eventually, the hope is that most decryption-capable MUAs will
conform to this specification and there will be no need for injection
of Legacy Display Elements in the message Body. A survey of widely
used decryption-capable MUAs might be able to establish when most of
them do support this specification.
At that point, a composing MUA could set the legacy parameter defined
in Section 5.2 to false by default or could even hard-code it to
false, yielding a much simpler message construction set.
Until that point, an end user might want to signal that their
receiving MUAs are conformant to this document so that a peer
composing a message to them can set legacy to false. A signal
indicating capability of handling messages with Header Protection
might be placed in the user's cryptographic certificate or in
outbound messages.
This document does not attempt to define the syntax or semantics of
such a signal.
8.2. More Ambitious Default HCP
This document defines a few different forms of HCP. An MUA
implementing an HCP for the first time SHOULD deploy hcp_baseline as
recommended in Section 3.3. This HCP offers the most commonly
expected protection (obscuring the Subject Header Field) without
risking deliverability or rendering issues.
The HCPs proposed in this document are relatively conservative and
still leak a significant amount of metadata for encrypted messages.
This is largely done to ensure deliverability (see Section 1.3.2) and
usability,
usability (see Section 2 of [RFC9787] and Section 9), as messages
without some critical Header Fields are more likely to not reach
their intended recipient.
In the future, some mail transport systems may accept and deliver
messages with even less publicly visible metadata. Many MTA
operators today would ask for additional guarantees about such a
message to limit the risks associated with abusive or spam mail.
This specification offers the HCP formalism itself as a way for MUA
developers and MTA operators to describe their expectations around
message deliverability. MUA developers can propose a more ambitious
default HCP and ask MTA operators (or simply test) whether their MTAs
would be likely to deliver or reject encrypted mail with that HCP
applied. Proponents of a more ambitious HCP should explicitly
document the HCP and name it clearly and unambiguously to facilitate
this kind of interoperability discussion.
Reaching widespread consensus around a more ambitious global default
HCP is a challenging problem of coordinating many different actors.
A piecemeal approach might be more feasible, where some signaling
mechanism allows a message recipient, MTA operator, or third-party
clearinghouse to announce what kinds of HCPs are likely to be
deliverable for a given recipient. In such a situation, the default
HCP for an MUA might involve consulting the signaled acceptable HCPs
for all recipients and combining them (along with a default for when
no signal is present) in some way.
If such a signal were to reach widespread use, it could also be used
to guide reasonable statistical default HCP choices for recipients
with no signal.
This document does not attempt to define the syntax or semantics of
such a signal.
8.3. Deprecation of Messages Without Header Protection
At some point, when the majority of MUA clients that can generate
cryptographically protected messages can do so with Header
Protection, it should be possible to deprecate any cryptographically
protected message that does not have Header Protection.
For example, as noted in Section 9.1, it's possible for an MUA to
render a signed-only message that has no Header Protection the same
as an unprotected message. And a signed-and-encrypted message
without Header Protection could likewise be marked as not fully
protected.
These stricter rules could be adopted immediately for all messages.
Or an MUA developer could roll them out immediately for any new
message but still treat an old message (based on the Date Header
Field and cryptographic signature timestamp) more leniently.
A decision like this by any popular receiving MUA could drive
adoption of this standard for sending MUAs.
9. Usability Considerations
This section describes concerns for MUAs that are interested in easy
adoption of Header Protection by normal users.
While they are not protocol-level artifacts, these concerns motivate
the protocol features described in this document.
See also the usability commentary in Section 2 of [RFC9787].
9.1. Mixed Protections Within a Message Are Hard to Understand
When rendering a message to the user, the ideal circumstance is to
present a single cryptographic status for any given message.
However, when message Header Fields are present, some message Header
Fields do not have the same cryptographic protections as the main
message.
Representing such a mixed set of protection statuses is very
difficult to do in a way that an Ordinary User can understand. There
are at least three scenarios that are likely to be common and poorly
understood:
* A signed message with no Header Protection.
* A signed-and-encrypted message with no Header Protection.
* A signed-and-encrypted message with Header Protection as defined
in this document, where some User-Facing Header Fields have
confidentiality but some do not.
An MUA should have a reasonable strategy for clearly communicating
each of these scenarios to the user. For example, an MUA operating
in an environment where it expects most cryptographically protected
messages to have Header Protection could use the following rendering
strategy:
* When rendering a message with a signed-only cryptographic status
but no Header Protection, an MUA may decline to indicate a
positive security status overall and only indicate the
cryptographic status to a user in a message properties or
diagnostic view. That is, the message may appear identical to an
unsigned message except if a user verifies the properties through
a menu option.
* When rendering a message with a signed-and-encrypted or encrypted-
only cryptographic status but no Header Protection, overlay a
warning flag on the typical cryptographic status indicator. That
is, if a typical signed-and-encrypted message displays a lock
icon, display a lock icon with a warning sign (e.g., an
exclamation point in a triangle) overlaid. For example, see the
graphics in [chrome-indicators].
* When rendering a message with a signed-and-encrypted or encrypted-
only cryptographic status with Header Protection but where the
Subject Header Field has not been removed or obscured, place a
warning sign on the Subject line.
Other simple rendering strategies could also be reasonable.
9.2. Users Should Not Have to Choose a Header Confidentiality Policy
This document defines the abstraction of an HCP object for the sake
of communication between implementers and deployments.
Most email users are unlikely to understand the trade-offs between
different policies. In particular, the potential negative side
effects (e.g., poor deliverability) may not be easily attributable by
a normal user to a particular HCP.
Therefore, MUA implementers should be conservative in their choice of
default HCP and should not require the Ordinary User to make an
incomprehensible choice that could cause unfixable, undiagnosable
problems. The safest option is for the MUA developer to select a
known, stable HCP (this document recommends hcp_baseline in
Section 3.3) on the user's behalf. An MUA should not expose the
Ordinary User to a configuration option where they are expected to
manually select (let alone define) an HCP.
10. Security Considerations
Header Protection improves the security of cryptographically
protected email messages. Following the guidance in this document
improves security for users by more directly aligning the underlying
messages with user expectations about confidentiality, authenticity,
and integrity.
Nevertheless, helping the user distinguish between cryptographic
protections of various messages remains a security challenge for
MUAs. This is exacerbated by the fact that many existing messages
with cryptographic protections do not employ Header Protection. MUAs
encountering these messages (e.g., in an archive) will need to handle
older forms (without Header Protection) for quite some time, possibly
forever.
The security considerations from Section 6 of [RFC8551] continue to
apply for
For any MUA that offers S/MIME cryptographic protections, as
well as the
security considerations from Section 6 of [RFC8551] (S/MIME),
Section 3 of [RFC5083] (Authenticated-Enveloped-Data in Cryptographic
Message Syntax (CMS)) (CMS)), and Section 14 of [RFC5652] (CMS more broadly). Likewise, the security considerations from Section 8
of [RFC3156] broadly)
continue to apply apply. Likewise, for any MUA that offers PGP/MIME
cryptographic protections, the security considerations from Section 8
of [RFC3156] (PGP with MIME) as well as Section 13 of [RFC9580]
(OpenPGP itself). itself) continue to apply. In addition, these underlying
security considerations are now also applicable to the contents of
the message Header Section, not just the message Body.
10.1. From Address Spoofing
If
For a receiving MUA that depends on its MTA to authenticate the From Header Field were treated like any other protected Header
Field by
origin of the receiving MUA, message, applying this scheme would specification could enable
sender address spoofing.
To prevent sender spoofing, many receiving MUAs implicitly rely on
their receiving MTA to inspect the Outer Header Section and verify
that the From Header Field is authentic. If a receiving MUA displays
a From address (from the protected part) that doesn't match the From
address that the receiving MTA used to authenticate and/or sending MTAs filtered on, filter (see also
Section 4.4.1.1), the MUA may be vulnerable to spoofing.
Consider a malicious MUA that sets the following Header Fields on an
encrypted message with Header Protection:
* Outer: From: <alice@example.com>
* Inner: HP-Outer: From: <alice@example.com>
* Inner: From: <bob@example.org>
During sending, the MTA of example.com validates that the sending MUA
is authorized to send from alice@example.com. Since the message is
encrypted, the sending and receiving MTAs cannot see the protected
Header Fields. A naive receiving MUA might follow the algorithms in
this document without special consideration for the From Header
Field. Such an MUA might display the email as coming from
bob@example.org to the user, resulting in a spoofed address.
This problem applies both between domains and within a domain.
This problem always applies to signed-and-encrypted messages. This
problem also applies to signed-only messages because MTAs typically
do not look at the protected Header Fields when confirming From
address authenticity.
Sender address spoofing is relevant for two distinct security
properties:
* Sender authenticity: relevant for rendering the message (which
address to show the user?)
* Message confidentiality: relevant when replying to a message (a
reply to the wrong address can leak the message contents)
10.1.1. From Rendering Reasoning
Section 4.4.3 provides guidance for rendering the From Header Field.
It recommends a receiving MUA that depends on its MTA to authenticate
the unprotected (outer) (unprotected) outer From Header Field to render the outer From
Header Field if both of the following conditions are met:
* From Header Field Mismatch (as defined in Section 4.4.1.1) and
* No Valid and Correctly Bound Signature (as defined in
Section 4.4.1.2)
Note: The second condition effectively means that the inner (expected
to be protected) From Header Field appears to have insufficient
protection.
This may seem surprising since it causes the MUA to render a mix of
both protected and unprotected values. This section provides an
argument as to why this guidance makes sense.
We proceed by case distinction:
* Case 1: Malicious sending MUA.
- Attack situation: The sending MUA puts a different inner From
Header Field to spoof the sender address.
- In this case, it is "better" to fall back and render the outer
From Header Field because this is what the receiving MTA can
validate. Otherwise, this document would introduce a new way
for senders to spoof the From address of the message.
- This does not preclude a future document from updating this
document to specify a protocol for legitimate sender address
hiding.
* Case 2: Malicious sending/transiting/receiving MTA (or anyone
meddling between MTAs).
- Attack situation: An on-path attacker changes the outer From
Header Field (possibly with other meddling to break invalidate the
signature; see below). Their goal is to get the receiving MUA
to show a different From address than the sending MUA intended
(breaking MUA-to-MUA sender authenticity).
- Case 2.a: The sending MUA submitted an unsigned or encrypted-
only message to the email system. In this case, there can be
no sender authenticity anyway.
- Case 2.b: The sending MUA submitted a signed-only message to
the email system.
o Case 2.b.i: The attacker removes or breaks invalidates the
signature. In this case, the attacker can also modify the
inner From Header Field to their liking.
o Case 2.b.ii: The signature is valid, but the receiving MUA
does not see any valid binding between the signing
certificate and the addr-spec of the inner From Header
Field. In this case, there can be no sender authenticity
anyways (the certificate could have been generated by the
on-path attacker). This case is indistinguishable from a
malicious sending MUA; hence, it is "better" to fall back to
the outer From Header Field that the MTA can validate. Note
that once the binding is validated (e.g., after an out-of-
band comparison), the rendering may change from showing the
outer From address (and a warning) to showing the inner, now
validated From address. In some cases, the binding may be
instantly validated even for previously unseen certificates
(e.g., if the certificate is issued by a trusted
certification authority).
- Case 2.c: The sending MUA submitted a signed-and-encrypted
message to the email system.
o Case 2.c.i: The attacker removes or breaks invalidates the
signature. Note that the signature is inside the ciphertext
(see Section 5.2 of [RFC9787]). Thus, assuming the
encryption is non-malleable, any on-path attacker cannot break
invalidate the signature while ensuring that the message
still decrypts successfully.
o Case 2.c.ii: The signature is valid, but the receiving MUA
does not see any valid binding between the signing
certificate and the addr-spec of the inner From Header
Field. See case 2.b.ii.
As the case distinction shows, the outer From Header Field is either
the preferred fallback (in particular, to avoid introducing a new
spoofing channel) or just as good (because just as modifiable) as the
inner From Header Field.
Rendering the outer From Header Field does carry the risk of a
"temporary downgrade attack" in cases 2.b.ii and 2.c.ii, where a
malicious MTA keeps the signature intact but modifies the outer From
Header Field. The MUA can resolve this temporary downgrade by
validating the certificate-to-addr-spec binding. If the MUA never
does this validation, the entire message could be fake.
If there were a signaling channel where the MTA can tell the MUA
whether it authenticated the From Header Field, an MUA could use this
in its rendering decision. In the absence of such a signal, and when
end-to-end authenticity is unavailable, this document prefers to fall
back to the outer From Header Field. This default is based on the
assumption that most MTAs apply some filtering based on the outer
From Header Field (whether the MTA can authenticate it or not).
Rendering the unprotected outer From Header Field (instead of the
protected inner one) in case of a mismatch retains this ability for
MTAs.
If the MUA decides not to rely on the MTA to authenticate the outer
From Header Field, it may prefer the inner From Header Field.
10.2. Avoid Cryptographic Summary Confusion from the hp Parameter
When parsing a message, the recipient MUA infers the message's
Cryptographic Status from the Cryptographic Layers, as described in
Section 4.6 of [RFC9787].
The Cryptographic Layers that make up the Cryptographic Envelope
describe an ordered list of cryptographic properties as present in
the message after it has been delivered. By contrast, the hp
parameter to the Content-Type Header Field contains a simpler
indication: whether the sender originally tried to encrypt the
message or not. not (see Section 2.1.1). In particular, for a message
with Header Protection, the Cryptographic Payload should MUST have a hp
parameter of cipher if the message is encrypted (in addition to
signed) and clear if no encryption is present (that is, the message
is signed-only).
As noted in Section 2.1.1, the receiving implementation should not MUST NOT
inflate its estimation of the confidentiality of the message or its
Header Fields based on the sender's intent if it can see that the
message was not actually encrypted. A signed-only message that
happens to have an hp parameter of cipher is still signed-only.
Conversely, since the encrypting Cryptographic Layer is typically
outside the signature layer (see Section 5.2 of [RFC9787]), an
originally signed-only message could have been wrapped in an
encryption layer by an intervening party before receipt to appear
encrypted.
If a message appears to be wrapped in an encryption layer, and the hp
parameter is present but is not set to cipher, then it is likely that
the encryption layer was not added by the original sender. For such
a message, the lack of any HP-Outer Header Field (see Section 2.2) in
the Header Section of the Cryptographic Payload MUST NOT be used to
infer that all Header Fields were removed from the message Outer Header
Section by the original sender. In such a case, the receiving MUA
SHOULD treat every Header Field as though it was not confidential.
10.3. Caution About Composing with Legacy Display Elements
When composing a message, it's possible for a Legacy Display Element
(see Section 2.1.2) to contain risky data that could trigger errors
in a rendering client.
For example, if the value for a Header Field to be included in a
Legacy Display Element within a given Body part contains folding
whitespace, it should SHOULD be "unfolded" before generating the Legacy
Display Element: All contiguous folding whitespace should SHOULD be replaced
with a single space character. Likewise, if the Header Field value
was originally encoded per [RFC2047], it should SHOULD be decoded first to a
standard string and re-encoded using the charset appropriate to the
target part.
When including a Legacy Display Element in a text/plain part (see
Section 5.2.2), if the decoded Subject Header Field contains a pair
of newlines (e.g., if it is broken across multiple lines by encoded
newlines), the sending MUA MUST strip any newline MUST be stripped from the Legacy
Display Element. If the pair of newlines is not stripped, a
receiving MUA that follows the guidance in Section 4.5.3.2 might
leave the later part of the Legacy Display Element in the rendered
message.
When including a Legacy Display Element in a text/html part (see
Section 5.2.3), any material in the Header Field values should MUST be
explicitly HTML escaped to avoid being rendered as part of the HTML.
At a minimum, the characters <, >, ', ", and & should MUST be escaped to
<, >, ', ", and &, respectively (for example, see
[HTML-ESCAPES]). If unescaped characters from removed or obscured
Header Field values end up in the Legacy Display Element, a receiving
MUA that follows the guidance in Section 4.5.3.3 might fail to
identify the boundaries of the Legacy Display Element, cutting out
more than it should or leaving remnants visible. And a Legacy MUA
parsing such a message might misrender the entire HTML stream,
depending on the content of the removed or obscured Header Field
values.
The Legacy Display Element is a decorative addition solely to enable
visibility of obscured or removed Header Fields in decryption-capable
Legacy MUAs. When it is produced, it should be generated minimally
and strictly, as described above, to avoid damaging the rest of the
message.
10.4. Plaintext Attacks
An encrypted email message using S/MIME or PGP/MIME tends to have
some amount of predictable plaintext. For example, the standard MIME
Header Fields of the Cryptographic Payload of a message are often a
predictable sequence of bytes, even without Header Protection, when
they only include the Structural Header Fields MIME-Version and
Content-Type. This is a potential risk for known-plaintext attacks.
Including protected Header Fields as defined in this document
increases the amount of known plaintext. Since some of those Header
Fields in a reply will be derived from the message being replied to,
this also creates a potential risk for chosen-plaintext attacks, in
addition to known-plaintext attacks. This potential risk also
applies in a similar manner to forwarded messages.
Modern message encryption mechanisms are expected to be secure
against both known-plaintext attacks and chosen-plaintext attacks.
An MUA composing an encrypted message should ensure that it is using
such a mechanism, regardless of whether it does Header Protection.
11. Privacy Considerations
11.1. Leaks When Replying
The encrypted Header Fields of a message may accidentally leak when
replying to the message. See the guidance in Section 6.
11.2. Encrypted Header Fields Are Not Always Private
For encrypted messages, depending on the sender's HCP, some Header
Fields may appear both within the Cryptographic Envelope and on the
outside of the message (e.g., Date might exist identically in both
places). Section 4.3 identifies such a Header Field as signed-only.
These Header Fields are clearly _not_ private at all, despite a copy
being inside the Cryptographic Envelope.
A Header Field whose name and value are not matched verbatim by any
HP-Outer Header Field from the same part will have an encrypted-only
or signed-and-encrypted status. But even Header Fields with these
stronger levels of cryptographic confidentiality protection might not
be as private as the user would like.
See the examples below.
This concern is true for any encrypted data, including the Body of
the message, not just the Header Fields: If the sender isn't careful,
the message contents or session keys can leak in many ways that are
beyond the scope of this document. The message recipient has no way
in principle to tell whether the apparent confidentiality of any
given piece of encrypted content has been broken via channels that
they cannot perceive. Additionally, an active intermediary aware of
the recipient's public key can always encrypt a cleartext message in
transit to give the recipient a false sense of security. security (see also
Section 10.2).
11.2.1. Encrypted Header Fields Can Leak Unwanted Information to the
Recipient
For an encrypted messages, message, even with an ambitious HCP that
successfully obscures most Header Fields from all transport agents,
Header Fields will be ultimately visible to all each intended recipients. recipient.
This can be especially problematic for a Header Fields Field that are is not
User-Facing; the sender may not expect such a Header Fields Field to be
injected by their MUA. Consider the three following examples:
* The MUA may inject a User-Agent Header Field that describes itself
to every recipient, even though the sender may not want the a
recipient to know the exact version of their OS, hardware
platform, or MUA.
* The MUA may have an idiosyncratic way of generating a Message-ID
Header Field, which could embed the choice of MUA, time zone,
hostname, or other subtle information to a knowledgeable
recipient.
* The MUA may erroneously include a Bcc Header Field in the
origheaders of a copy of a message sent to the a named recipient,
defeating the purpose of using Bcc instead of Cc (see Section 11.4
for more details about risks related to Bcc).
Clearly, no end-to-end cryptographic protection of any Header Field
as defined in this document will hide such a sensitive field from the an
intended recipient. Instead, the composing MUA MUST populate the
origheaders list for any outbound message with only information the each
recipient should have access to. This is true for messages any message
without any cryptographic protection as well, of course, and it is
even worse there: Such a leak is exposed to the transport agents as
well as the
recipient. all recipients. An encrypted message with Header Protection
and a more ambitious HCP avoids these leaks that expose information
to the transport agents, but it cannot defend against such a leak to the
a recipient.
11.2.2. Encrypted Header Fields Can Be Inferred from External or
Internal Metadata
For example, if the To and Cc Header Fields are removed from the
Outer Header Section, the values in those fields might still be
inferred with high probability by an adversary who looks at the
message either in transit or at rest. For example, if the message is
found in a mailbox, or being delivered to a mailbox, and the mailbox
is known to be associated with the email address bob@example.org,
it's likely that Bob was in either To or Cc. Furthermore, encrypted
message ciphertext may hint at the recipients: For S/MIME messages,
the RecipientInfo, and for PGP/MIME messages, the key ID in the
Public Key Encrypted Session Key (PKESK) packets will all hint at a
specific set of recipients. Additionally, an MTA that handles the
message may add a Received Header Field (or some other custom Header
Field) that leaks some information about the nature of the delivery.
11.2.3. Encrypted Header Fields May Not Be Fully Masked by HCP
In another example, if the HCP modifies the Date Header Field to mask
out high-resolution timestamps (e.g., rounding to the most recent
hour), some information about the date of delivery will still be
attached to the email. At the very least, the low-resolution, global
version of the date will be present on the message. Additionally,
Header Fields like Received that are added during message delivery
might include higher-resolution timestamps. And if the message lands
in a mailbox that is ordered by time of receipt, even its placement
in the mailbox and the unobscured Date Header Fields of the
surrounding messages could leak this information.
Some Header Fields like From may be impossible to fully obscure, as
many modern message delivery systems depend on at least domain
information in the From Header Field for determining whether a
message is coming from a domain with "good reputation" (that is, from
a domain that is not known for leaking spam). So even if an
ambitious HCP opts to remove the human-readable part from any From
Header Field and to standardize/genericize the local part of the From
address, the domain will still leak.
11.3. A Naive Recipient May Overestimate the Cryptographic Status of a
Header Field in an Encrypted Message
When an encrypted (or signed-and-encrypted) message is in transit, an
active intermediary can strip or tamper with any Header Field that
appears outside the Cryptographic Envelope. A receiving MUA that
naively infers cryptographic status from differences between the
external Header Fields and those found in the Cryptographic Envelope
could be tricked into overestimating the protections afforded to some
Header Fields.
For example, if the original sender's HCP passes through the Cc
Header Field unchanged, a cleanly delivered message would indicate
that the Cc Header Field has a cryptographic status of signed. But
if an intermediary attacker simply removes the Header Field from the
Outer Header Section before forwarding the message, then the naive
recipient might believe that the field has a cryptographic status of
signed-and-encrypted.
This document offers protection against such an attack by way of the
HP-Outer Header Fields (see Section 2.2) that can be found on the
Cryptographic Payload. If a Header Field appears to have been
obscured by inspection of the outer message Outer Header Section but an HP-Outer
Header Field matches it exactly, then the receiving MUA can indicate
to the user that the Header Field in question may not have been
confidential.
In such a case, a cautious MUA may render the Header Field in
question as signed (because the sender did not hide it) but still
treat it as signed-and-encrypted during reply to avoid accidental
leakage of the cleartext value in the reply message, as described in
Section 6.1.
11.4. Privacy and Deliverability Risks with Bcc and Encrypted Messages
As noted in Section 9.3 of [RFC9787], handling Bcc when generating an
encrypted email message can be particularly tricky. With Header
Protection, there is an additional wrinkle. When an encrypted email
message with Header Protection has a Bcc'ed recipient, and the
composing MUA explicitly includes the Bcc'ed recipient's address in
their copy of the message (see the "second method" in Section 3.6.3
of [RFC5322]), that Bcc Header Field will always be visible to the
Bcc'ed recipient.
In this scenario, though, the composing MUA has one additional
choice: whether or not to hide the Bcc Header Field from intervening
message transport agents by returning null when the HCP is invoked
for Bcc. If the composing MUA's rationale for including an explicit
Bcc in the copy of the message sent to the Bcc recipient is to ensure
deliverability via a message transport agent that inspects message
Header Fields, then stripping the Bcc field during encryption may
cause the intervening transport agent to drop the message entirely.
This is why Bcc is not explicitly stripped in hcp_baseline.
On the other hand, if deliverability to a Bcc'ed recipient is not a
concern, the most privacy-preserving option is to simply omit the Bcc
Header Field from the protected Header Section in the first place.
An MUA that is capable of receiving and processing such a message can
infer that since their user's address was not mentioned in any To or
Cc Header Field, they were likely a Bcc recipient.
Please also see Section 9.3 9.4 of [RFC9787] for more discussion about
Bcc and encrypted messages.
12. IANA Considerations
This document registers an email Header Field, describes parameters
for the Content-Type Header Field, and establishes a registry for
Header Confidentiality Policies to facilitate HCP evolution.
12.1. Registration of the HP-Outer Header Field
IANA has registered the following Header Field in the "Permanent
Message Header Field Names" registry within the "Message Headers"
registry group <https://www.iana.org/assignments/message-headers> in
accordance with [RFC3864].
+===================+==========+==========+===============+
| Header Field Name | Protocol | Status | Reference |
+===================+==========+==========+===============+
| HP-Outer | mail | standard | Section 2.2.1 |
| | | | of RFC 9788 |
+-------------------+----------+----------+---------------+
Table 2: Addition to the Permanent Message Header Field
Names Registry
Note that the Template and Trace columns are empty and therefore not
included in the table.
The Author/Change Controller (Section 4.5 of [RFC3864]) for this
entry is the IETF.
12.2. Reference Update for the Content-Type Header Field
This document defines the Content-Type parameters known as hp (in
Section 2.1.1) and hp-legacy-display (in Section 2.1.2).
Consequently, IANA has added this document as a reference for
Content-Type in the "Permanent Message Header Field Names" registry
as shown below.
+===================+==========+========================+
| Header Field Name | Protocol | Reference |
+===================+==========+========================+
| Content-Type | MIME | [RFC4021] and RFC 9788 |
+-------------------+----------+------------------------+
Table 3: Permanent Message Header Field Names Registry
Note that the Template and Trace columns are empty and therefore not
included in the table.
12.3. New Mail Header Confidentiality Policies Registry
IANA has created a new registry titled "Mail Header Confidentiality
Policies" within the "MAIL Parameters" registry group
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/mail-parameters/> with the
following content:
+========================+=================+=============+=========+
| Header Confidentiality | Description | Recommended |Reference|
| Policy Name | | | |
+========================+=================+=============+=========+
| hcp_no_confidentiality | No header | N |Section |
| | confidentiality | |3.2.3 of |
| | | |RFC 9788 |
+------------------------+-----------------+-------------+---------+
| hcp_baseline | Confidentiality | Y |Section |
| | for | |3.2.1 of |
| | Informational | |RFC 9788 |
| | Header Fields: | | |
| | Subject Header | | |
| | Field is | | |
| | obscured, | | |
| | Keywords and | | |
| | Comments are | | |
| | removed | | |
+------------------------+-----------------+-------------+---------+
| hcp_shy | Obscure | N |Section |
| | Subject, remove | |3.2.2 of |
| | Keywords and | |RFC 9788 |
| | Comments, | | |
| | remove the time | | |
| | zone from Date, | | |
| | and obscure remove | | |
| | display-names | | |
| | from From, To, | | |
| | and Cc | | |
+------------------------+-----------------+-------------+---------+
Table 4: Mail Header Confidentiality Policies Registry
Note that hcp_example_hide_cc is offered as an example in Section 3 3.1
but is not formally registered by this document.
The following textual note has been added to this registry:
| Adding an entry to this registry with an N in the "Recommended"
| column follows the registration policy of Specification Required.
| Adding an entry to this registry with a Y in the "Recommended"
| column or changing the "Recommended" column in an existing entry
| (from N to Y or vice versa) requires IETF Review.
Note that during IETF Review, the designated expert must be
consulted. Guidance for the designated expert can be found in
Section 3.4.2.
Additionally, this textual note has been added to the registry:
| The Header Confidentiality Policy Name never appears on the wire.
| This registry merely tracks stable references to implementable
| descriptions of distinct policies. Any addition to this registry
| should be governed by guidance in Section 3.4.2 of RFC 9788.
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message
Bodies", RFC 2045, DOI 10.17487/RFC2045, November 1996,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2045>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3864] Klyne, G., Nottingham, M., and J. Mogul, "Registration
Procedures for Message Header Fields", BCP 90, RFC 3864,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3864, September 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3864>.
[RFC5083] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
Authenticated-Enveloped-Data Content Type", RFC 5083,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5083, November 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5083>.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.
[RFC5322] Resnick, P., Ed., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5322, October 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5322>.
[RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70,
RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5652>.
[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8551] Schaad, J., Ramsdell, B., and S. Turner, "Secure/
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 4.0
Message Specification", RFC 8551, DOI 10.17487/RFC8551,
April 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8551>.
[RFC9580] Wouters, P., Ed., Huigens, D., Winter, J., and Y. Niibe,
"OpenPGP", RFC 9580, DOI 10.17487/RFC9580, July 2024,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9580>.
[RFC9787] Gillmor, D. K., Ed., Hoeneisen, B., Ed., and A. Melnikov,
Ed., "Guidance on End-to-End Email Security", RFC 9787,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9787, June 2025,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9787>.
13.2. Informative References
[chrome-indicators]
Schechter, E., "Evolving Chrome's security indicators",
Chromium Blog, May 2018,
<https://blog.chromium.org/2018/05/evolving-chromes-
security-indicators.html>.
[CSS] Bos, B., Ed., "Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 2
(CSS 2.2) Specification", W3C First Public Working Draft,
12 April 2016,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-CSS22-20160412/>. Latest
version available at <https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS22/>.
[HTML-ESCAPES]
W3C, "Using character escapes in markup and CSS", 12
August 2010, <https://www.w3.org/International/questions/
qa-escapes#use>.
[PEP-EMAIL]
Marques, H. and B. Hoeneisen, "pretty Easy privacy (pEp):
Email Formats and Protocols", Work in Progress, Internet-
Draft, draft-pep-email-03, 22 May 2025,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-pep-email-
03>.
[PEP-GENERAL]
Birk, V., Marques, H., and B. Hoeneisen, "pretty Easy
privacy (pEp): Privacy by Default", Work in Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-pep-general-03, 22 May 2025,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-pep-general-
03>.
[PGPCONTROL]
UUNET Technologies, Inc., "Authentication of Usenet Group
Changes", 27 October 2016,
<https://ftp.isc.org/pub/pgpcontrol/>.
[PGPVERIFY-FORMAT]
Lawrence, D. C., "Signing Control Messages, Verifying
Control Messages",
<https://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/usefor/other/pgpverify>.
[PROTECTED-HEADERS]
Einarsson, B. R., juga, and D. K. Gillmor, "(Deprecated)
Protected E-mail Headers", Work in Progress, Internet-
Draft, draft-autocrypt-lamps-protected-headers-03, 16
April 2025, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
autocrypt-lamps-protected-headers-03>.
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
[RFC2047] Moore, K., "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text",
RFC 2047, DOI 10.17487/RFC2047, November 1996,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2047>.
[RFC2049] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part Five: Conformance Criteria and
Examples", RFC 2049, DOI 10.17487/RFC2049, November 1996,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2049>.
[RFC3156] Elkins, M., Del Torto, D., Levien, R., and T. Roessler,
"MIME Security with OpenPGP", RFC 3156,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3156, August 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3156>.
[RFC3851] Ramsdell, B., Ed., "Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.1 Message Specification",
RFC 3851, DOI 10.17487/RFC3851, July 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3851>.
[RFC4021] Klyne, G. and J. Palme, "Registration of Mail and MIME
Header Fields", RFC 4021, DOI 10.17487/RFC4021, March
2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4021>.
[RFC5751] Ramsdell, B. and S. Turner, "Secure/Multipurpose Internet
Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2 Message
Specification", RFC 5751, DOI 10.17487/RFC5751, January
2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5751>.
[RFC5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
RFC 5890, DOI 10.17487/RFC5890, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5890>.
[RFC5891] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names in
Applications (IDNA): Protocol", RFC 5891,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5891, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5891>.
[RFC6376] Crocker, D., Ed., Hansen, T., Ed., and M. Kucherawy, Ed.,
"DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures", STD 76,
RFC 6376, DOI 10.17487/RFC6376, September 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6376>.
[RFC7489] Kucherawy, M., Ed. and E. Zwicky, Ed., "Domain-based
Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance
(DMARC)", RFC 7489, DOI 10.17487/RFC7489, March 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7489>.
[RFC7929] Wouters, P., "DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities
(DANE) Bindings for OpenPGP", RFC 7929,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7929, August 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7929>.
[RFC8162] Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "Using Secure DNS to
Associate Certificates with Domain Names for S/MIME",
RFC 8162, DOI 10.17487/RFC8162, May 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8162>.
[RFC8617] Andersen, K., Long, B., Ed., Blank, S., Ed., and M.
Kucherawy, Ed., "The Authenticated Received Chain (ARC)
Protocol", RFC 8617, DOI 10.17487/RFC8617, July 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8617>.
[RFC9216] Gillmor, D. K., Ed., "S/MIME Example Keys and
Certificates", RFC 9216, DOI 10.17487/RFC9216, April 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9216>.
Appendix A. Table of Pseudocode Listings
This document contains guidance with pseudocode descriptions. Each
algorithm is listed here for easy reference.
+===========================+=========================+===========+
| Method Name | Description | Reference |
+===========================+=========================+===========+
| HeaderSetsFromMessage | Derive "outer" and | Section |
| | "protected" sets of | 4.2.1 |
| | Header Fields from a | |
| | given message | |
+---------------------------+-------------------------+-----------+
| HeaderFieldProtection | Calculate cryptographic | Section |
| | protections for a | 4.3.1 |
| | Header Field in a given | |
| | message | |
+---------------------------+-------------------------+-----------+
| ReferenceHCP | Produce an ephemeral | Section |
| | HCP to use when | 6.1.1 6.1.2 |
| | responding to a given | |
| | message | |
+---------------------------+-------------------------+-----------+
| ComposeNoHeaderProtection | Legacy Message | Section |
| | composition with end- | 5.1.1 |
| | to-end cryptographic | |
| | protections (but no | |
| | Header Protection) | |
+---------------------------+-------------------------+-----------+
| Compose | Compose a message with | Section |
| | end-to-end | 5.2.1 |
| | cryptographic | |
| | protections including | |
| | Header Protection | |
+---------------------------+-------------------------+-----------+
Table 5: Table of Pseudocode Listings
Appendix B. Possible Problems with Legacy MUAs
When an email message with end-to-end cryptographic protection is
received by an MUA, the user might experience many different possible
problematic interactions. A message with Header Protection may
introduce new forms of user experience failure.
In this section, the authors enumerate different kinds of failures we
have observed when reviewing, rendering, and replying to messages
with different forms of Header Protection in different Legacy MUAs.
Different Legacy MUAs demonstrate different subsets of these
problems.
A conformant MUA would not exhibit any of these problems. An
implementer updating their Legacy MUA to be compliant with this
specification should consider these concerns and try to avoid them.
Recall that "protected" refers to the "inner" values, values of the inner Header
Fields, e.g., the real Subject, and "unprotected" refers to the "outer" values,
values of the outer Header Fields, e.g., the replacement Subject.
B.1. Problems Viewing Messages in a List View
* Unprotected Subject, Date, From, and To Header Fields are visible
(instead of being replaced by protected values)
* Threading is not visible
B.2. Problems When Rendering a Message
* Unprotected Subject is visible
* Protected Subject (on its own) is visible in the Body
* Protected Subject, Date, From, and To Header Fields are visible in
the Body
* User interaction needed to view the whole message
* User interaction needed to view the message Body
* User interaction needed to view the protected Subject
* Impossible to view the protected Subject
* Nuisance alarms during user interaction
* Impossible to view the message Body
* Appears as a forwarded message
* Appears as an attachment
* Security indicators not visible
* Security indicators do not identify the protection status of
Header Fields
* User has multiple different methods to reply (e.g., reply to
outer, reply to inner)
* User sees English "Subject:" in Body despite message itself being
in non-English
* Security indicators do not identify the protection status of
Header Fields
* Header Fields in the Body render with local Header Field names
(e.g., showing "Betreff" instead of "Subject") and dates (TZ,
locale)
B.3. Problems When Replying to a Message
Note that the use case here is:
* User views a message, to the point where they can read it
* User then replies to the message, and they are shown a message
composition window, which has some UI elements
* If the MUA has multiple different methods to reply to a message,
each way may need to be evaluated separately
This section also uses the shorthand UI:x to mean "the UI element
that the user can edit that they think of as x".
* Unprotected Subject is in UI:subject (instead of the protected
Subject)
* Protected Subject is quoted in UI:body (from Legacy Display
Element)
* Protected Subject leaks when the reply is serialized into MIME
* Protected Subject is not anywhere in UI
* Message Body is _not_ visible/quoted in UI:body
* User cannot reply while viewing protected message
* Reply is not encrypted by default (but is for legacy signed-and-
encrypted messages without Header Protection)
* Unprotected From or Reply-To Header Field is in UI:To (instead of
the protected From or Reply-To Header Field)
* User's locale (lang, TZ) leaks in quoted Body
* Header Fields not protected (and in particular, Subject is not
obscured) by default
Appendix C. Test Vectors
This section contains sample messages using the specification defined
above. Each sample contains a MIME object, a textual and
diagrammatic view of its structure, and examples of how an MUA might
render it.
The cryptographic protections used in this document use the S/MIME
standard, and keying material and certificates come from [RFC9216].
These messages should be accessible to any IMAP client at
imap://bob@header-protection.cmrg.net/ (any password should
authenticate to this read-only IMAP mailbox).
Copies of these test vectors can also be downloaded separately at
<https://header-protection.cmrg.net>.
If any of the messages downloaded differ from those offered here,
this document is the canonical source.
C.1. Baseline Messages
These messages offer no Header Protection at all and can be used as a
baseline. They are provided in this document as a counterexample.
An MUA implementer can use these Messages to verify that the reported
Cryptographic Summary of the Message indicates no Header Protection.
C.1.1. No Cryptographic Protections over a Simple Message
This message uses no cryptographic protection at all. Its Body is a
text/plain message.
It has the following structure:
└─╴text/plain 152 bytes
Its contents are:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Subject: no-crypto
Message-ID: <no-crypto@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:00:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
This is the
no-crypto
message.
This message uses no cryptographic protection at all. Its Body
is a text/plain message.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
C.1.2. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Simple Message, No Header
Protection
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a text/plain message. It uses no Header Protection.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 3856 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└─╴text/plain 206 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
Subject: smime-one-part
Message-ID: <smime-one-part@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:01:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
MIILGQYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIILCjCCCwYCAQExDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwggFCBgkq
hkiG9w0BBwGgggEzBIIBL01JTUUtVmVyc2lvbjogMS4wDQpDb250ZW50LVR5cGU6
IHRleHQvcGxhaW47IGNoYXJzZXQ9InV0Zi04Ig0KQ29udGVudC1UcmFuc2Zlci1F
bmNvZGluZzogN2JpdA0KDQpUaGlzIGlzIHRoZQ0Kc21pbWUtb25lLXBhcnQNCm1l
c3NhZ2UuDQoNClRoaXMgaXMgYSBzaWduZWQtb25seSBTL01JTUUgbWVzc2FnZSB2
aWEgUEtDUyM3IHNpZ25lZERhdGEuICBUaGUNCnBheWxvYWQgaXMgYSB0ZXh0L3Bs
YWluIG1lc3NhZ2UuIEl0IHVzZXMgbm8gSGVhZGVyIFByb3RlY3Rpb24uDQoNCi0t
IA0KQWxpY2UNCmFsaWNlQHNtaW1lLmV4YW1wbGUNCqCCB6YwggPPMIICt6ADAgEC
AhMPLSW9ETmXSs5CVIeh7j00Boq0MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBDQUAMFUxDTALBgNVBAoT
BElFVEYxETAPBgNVBAsTCExBTVBTIFdHMTEwLwYDVQQDEyhTYW1wbGUgTEFNUFMg
UlNBIENlcnRpZmljYXRpb24gQXV0aG9yaXR5MCAXDTE5MTEyMDA2NTQxOFoYDzIw
NTIwOTI3MDY1NDE4WjA7MQ0wCwYDVQQKEwRJRVRGMREwDwYDVQQLEwhMQU1QUyBX
RzEXMBUGA1UEAxMOQWxpY2UgTG92ZWxhY2UwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IB
DwAwggEKAoIBAQCalSn6i8Gi44/oAVAn5GnCk4PHHNjrSfWUnnelN41KImVaTC3D
9zFCrS3i4Pa9ZgHyA5Qf8JW3ZmnVz5q7M8onZm7mZjqQeb6FUH4i2GMt4jse2Dqs
165ernT9O5NLFflHUjURca3ynqEBBV4DmhnZp8eDhv3t6dXyCjNHT82S6DgCReZu
TtMc1zy++MxQlqdn9WZLhOAOpeNZKGmVwjeVy+8FkyzC3jX/Qcm+ZLCqlLqhBwDH
dZ5qDTII2PVX1X3K7/cONxhvBbaUl/k1swdszUtjhflyFZ80RuQ3qFC6vL/PGeWy
6SCf58duq/AOEksCAWlb+MD8QH9Yj7CFSmq1AgMBAAGjga8wgawwDAYDVR0TAQH/
BAIwADAXBgNVHSAEEDAOMAwGCmCGSAFlAwIBMAEwHgYDVR0RBBcwFYETYWxpY2VA
c21pbWUuZXhhbXBsZTATBgNVHSUEDDAKBggrBgEFBQcDBDAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMC
BSAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFKJTQdVEPIApFXwBI/Dnjq/N83cPMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFJEw
jnwHFwyn8QkoZTYaZxxodvRZMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBDQUAA4IBAQCBSXignLEynBak
DKU68ro0RsyXWAPkfXgQLgy7GrW7SrZeBc5IEcjoN9f/gsOx/Ht9Ii6zyBZVjdao
x644DsiLOQEP4YMS7y4q94RFFdmdzEbDLYx9sfUhvdTxDNOOoHz53PYDBh4zE4Na
r2inC0D+VM6RGDy66K9l+D+bl8Wj9CyGUc1ppMNURexTg+z3web/eDOdu+F2MVtl
uLihne0Bp1GUTkr0mJBolg6dSYal8Hw8/ANHpyExl56BJABb744gqoeuD9YSHjKK
49+qYC9faFmQ+mK80lh1M9RdNI7srjn0LKpuob6w06jaRzWdNeXzlEc2tUpAr4vR
hZjVD6FYMIIDzzCCAregAwIBAgITN0EFee11f0Kpolw69Phqzpqp1zANBgkqhkiG
9w0BAQ0FADBVMQ0wCwYDVQQKEwRJRVRGMREwDwYDVQQLEwhMQU1QUyBXRzExMC8G
A1UEAxMoU2FtcGxlIExBTVBTIFJTQSBDZXJ0aWZpY2F0aW9uIEF1dGhvcml0eTAg
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Ls7GxVwXurhYdZlaV5hcUqVAckPvedDBc/3rz4D/esFfs+E7QMFtmd+K04s+A8TC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C.1.2.1. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Simple Message, No Header
Protection, Unwrapped
The S/MIME signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-one-part
message.
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a text/plain message. It uses no Header Protection.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
C.1.3. S/MIME Signed-Only multipart/signed over a Simple Message, No
Header Protection
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached signature
(multipart/signed). The payload is a text/plain message. It uses no
Header Protection.
It has the following structure:
└┬╴multipart/signed 4187 bytes
├─╴text/plain 224 bytes
└─╴application/pkcs7-signature [smime.p7s] 3429 bytes
Its contents are:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/signed;
protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"; boundary="e19";
micalg="sha-256"
Subject: smime-multipart
Message-ID: <smime-multipart@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:02:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
--e19
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-multipart
message.
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached
signature (multipart/signed). The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses no Header Protection.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--e19
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature; name="smime.p7s"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8QkoZTYaZxxodvRZMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBDQUAA4IBAQBziaI2p86poGkjd/4KkkOH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--e19--
C.1.4. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, No Header
Protection
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses no Header Protection.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 6720 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 3960 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└─╴text/plain 241 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: smime-signed-enc
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:03:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0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3mNpZ2/qT2GUOB2d49WLHJvesgKGbrIQBb0eM6//hH84BonFrSR6Sf0uUjTGiu2L
PXWkcsTORuAaaTzM33OVOzQTAhBS27vhMr/kxMZSdTx/14phEaJ4zkYzzPb+T92G
CpiDpwEfU2akyZNalZ9jTo28zq1gZENDRu6tYRsjRvPsDI3JN4702HZf80KFhdO/
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BiD2T2KmI8jOgLaSmuAnyw==
C.1.4.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, No Header
Protection, Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
MIILPAYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIILLTCCCykCAQExDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwggFlBgkq
hkiG9w0BBwGgggFWBIIBUk1JTUUtVmVyc2lvbjogMS4wDQpDb250ZW50LVR5cGU6
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bWVzc2FnZS4NCg0KVGhpcyBpcyBhIHNpZ25lZC1hbmQtZW5jcnlwdGVkIFMvTUlN
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bmVkRGF0YS4gIFRoZSBwYXlsb2FkIGlzIGEgdGV4dC9wbGFpbg0KbWVzc2FnZS4g
SXQgdXNlcyBubyBIZWFkZXIgUHJvdGVjdGlvbi4NCg0KLS0gDQpBbGljZQ0KYWxp
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h6HuPTQGirQwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQENBQAwVTENMAsGA1UEChMESUVURjERMA8GA1UE
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lB/wlbdmadXPmrszyidmbuZmOpB5voVQfiLYYy3iOx7YOqzXrl6udP07k0sV+UdS
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ZkuE4A6l41koaZXCN5XL7wWTLMLeNf9Byb5ksKqUuqEHAMd1nmoNMgjY9VfVfcrv
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aVv4wPxAf1iPsIVKarUCAwEAAaOBrzCBrDAMBgNVHRMBAf8EAjAAMBcGA1UdIAQQ
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kGiWDp1JhqXwfDz8A0enITGXnoEkAFvvjiCqh64P1hIeMorj36pgL19oWZD6YrzS
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Af8EBAMCBsAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFLv2zLItHQYSHJeuKWqQENMgZmZzMB8GA1UdIwQY
MBaAFJEwjnwHFwyn8QkoZTYaZxxodvRZMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBDQUAA4IBAQBziaI2
p86poGkjd/4KkkOHG25nY/0eNARD6/oF0/sYonX2doizcGMk53riugAocCn5zbzh
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t1sRxlcvb7HVX524bKZa1oPTUNlm6QpivtqDIdqGJdGf8L1zLfXBuo2zL3HR+M9C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.1.4.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, No Header
Protection, Decrypted and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-signed-enc
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses no Header Protection.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
C.1.5. No Cryptographic Protections over a Complex Message
This message uses no cryptographic protection at all. Its Body is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png attachment.
It has the following structure:
└┬╴multipart/mixed 1402 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 794 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 206 bytes
│└─╴text/html 304 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 232 bytes
Its contents are:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="0cf"
Subject: no-crypto-complex
Message-ID: <no-crypto-complex@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:00:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
--0cf
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="6e6"
--6e6
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
no-crypto-complex
message.
This message uses no cryptographic protection at all. Its Body
is a multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--6e6
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>no-crypto-complex</b>
message.</p>
<p>This message uses no cryptographic protection at all. Its Body
is a multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--6e6--
--0cf
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
MAgS739nO3TpRw20dqpbfARQEjOywiwYnCtkDKnbcLk66sqlT+zt9cidkE+6KwkZ
sgrzfcqVMpL2jo0447gYDpeArk+OnJHkIhAfTPRicihAf5YJrw7vjv0ZWRWM/uli
vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--0cf--
C.1.6. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Complex Message, No Header
Protection
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses no Header Protection.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 5253 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴multipart/mixed 1288 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 882 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 260 bytes
│└─╴text/html 355 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 236 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
Subject: smime-one-part-complex
Message-ID: <smime-one-part-complex@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:01:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
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C.1.6.1. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Complex Message, No
Header Protection, Unwrapped
The S/MIME signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="db0"
--db0
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="51d"
--51d
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-one-part-complex
message.
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a multipart/alternative message with an inline
image/png attachment. It uses no Header Protection.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--51d
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>smime-one-part-complex</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a multipart/alternative message with an inline
image/png attachment. It uses no Header Protection.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--51d--
--db0
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
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vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--db0--
C.1.7. S/MIME Signed-Only multipart/signed over a Complex Message, No
Header Protection
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached signature
(multipart/signed). The payload is a multipart/alternative message
with an inline image/png attachment. It uses no Header Protection.
It has the following structure:
└┬╴multipart/signed 5230 bytes
├┬╴multipart/mixed 1344 bytes
│├┬╴multipart/alternative 938 bytes
││├─╴text/plain 278 bytes
││└─╴text/html 376 bytes
│└─╴image/png inline 232 bytes
└─╴application/pkcs7-signature [smime.p7s] 3429 bytes
Its contents are:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/signed;
protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"; boundary="872";
micalg="sha-256"
Subject: smime-multipart-complex
Message-ID: <smime-multipart-complex@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:02:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
--872
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="757"
--757
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="3ff"
--3ff
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-multipart-complex
message.
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached
signature (multipart/signed). The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses no Header Protection.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--3ff
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>smime-multipart-complex</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached
signature (multipart/signed). The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses no Header Protection.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--3ff--
--757
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
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vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--757--
--872
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature; name="smime.p7s"
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e3Wyda9wa7pqiFz0nsY+/mqILYTxBYMcsjN8uZ8yCaPdcfpU
--872--
C.1.8. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, No Header
Protection
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a multipart/
alternative message with an inline image/png attachment. It uses no
Header Protection.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 8710 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 5434 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴multipart/mixed 1356 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 950 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 295 bytes
│└─╴text/html 390 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 236 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:03:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
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C.1.8.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, No Header
Protection, Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
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JOd64roAKHAp+c284VvyVXWJ99FMX8q2ZUQMxH+xh6oAfzcozmnd6XaVWHg4eHIj
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YLM1PbrPoMyivqfhFik1h1dR9J2aXisS4FfZB3jj1c8XkD1yZb8qTBBRQ4v17MFS
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aaY3k5UwyHNxRjFkkQAsnMe7HAiVnwsDLYCDOXACbg/DOwOCFK9vzDYkD5HjnqK2
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edT2/t+0u3oJtCflrQ==
C.1.8.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, No Header
Protection, Decrypted and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="363"
--363
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="f27"
--f27
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-signed-enc-complex
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses no Header Protection.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--f27
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>smime-signed-enc-complex</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses no Header Protection.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--f27--
--363
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
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vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--363--
C.2. Signed-Only Messages
These messages are signed-only, using different schemes of Header
Protection and different S/MIME structures. They use no HCP because
the HCP is only relevant when a message is encrypted.
C.2.1. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Simple Message, Header
Protection
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a text/plain message. It uses the Header Protection
scheme from RFC 9788.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 4189 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└─╴text/plain 232 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
Subject: smime-one-part-hp
Message-ID: <smime-one-part-hp@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:06:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
MIIMDwYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIIMADCCC/wCAQExDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwggI4Bgkq
hkiG9w0BBwGgggIpBIICJU1JTUUtVmVyc2lvbjogMS4wDQpDb250ZW50LVRyYW5z
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hiXRn/C9cy31wbqNsy9x0fjPQg6+DqatiQpMz9EIae6aCHHBhOiPU7IPkazgPYgk
LD59fk4PGHnYxs1FhdO6zZk9E8zwlc1ALgZa/iSbczisqckN3qGehD2s16jMhwFX
LJtBiN+uCDgNG/D0qyTbY4fgKieUHx/tHuzUszZxJjGCAgAwggH8AgEBMGwwVTEN
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OvT4as6aqdcwCwYJYIZIAWUDBAIBoGkwGAYJKoZIhvcNAQkDMQsGCSqGSIb3DQEH
ATAcBgkqhkiG9w0BCQUxDxcNMjEwMjIwMTUwNjAyWjAvBgkqhkiG9w0BCQQxIgQg
K3lOLqVxzkFzTCjC4/0WD1uiOJZ/y8y2mKLDM5P/bj0wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQAE
ggEAiWwxPK/j2eujuwSbftm7fHd+LZyXyhUhfrZghxdPZyunkZmQ+N4ARXGv0zqr
yOgKhBdbd0pFO8sIfqRGvU2eQdvfFWTKz1Nt1UMGMUtTTA2Iua4+QcPdjX6At6k/
pp/OdEIuSLQHW89UkUfNEqYc8SjnhOaTMz7glWEM9jIXuWcmhtRqqsg+yYItvSbd
eXktWzBWuVCzvrsO4Q3oR4B0Aohdf+qCeTOwP5grdU4oIadD4eq1o+OEZfmliN2N
3dNYgd65gF0IXek3a1MMFh6AQF9aJz6451GqO1fwwwX2TtRnjXBY0ucY2Rn6h3PB
GEyYkGT7mRMuLMxmHktDjUBiIA==
C.2.1.1. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Simple Message, Header
Protection, Unwrapped
The S/MIME signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Subject: smime-one-part-hp
Message-ID: <smime-one-part-hp@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:06:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; hp="clear"
This is the
smime-one-part-hp
message.
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a text/plain message. It uses the Header Protection
scheme from RFC 9788.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
C.2.2. S/MIME Signed-Only multipart/signed over a Simple Message,
Header Protection
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached signature
(multipart/signed). The payload is a text/plain message. It uses
the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788.
It has the following structure:
└┬╴multipart/signed 4434 bytes
├─╴text/plain 249 bytes
└─╴application/pkcs7-signature [smime.p7s] 3429 bytes
Its contents are:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/signed;
protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"; boundary="54f";
micalg="sha-256"
Subject: smime-multipart-hp
Message-ID: <smime-multipart-hp@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:07:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
--54f
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Subject: smime-multipart-hp
Message-ID: <smime-multipart-hp@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:07:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; hp="clear"
This is the
smime-multipart-hp
message.
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached
signature (multipart/signed). The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--54f
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature; name="smime.p7s"
MIIJ4AYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIIJ0TCCCc0CAQExDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwCwYJKoZI
hvcNAQcBoIIHpjCCA88wggK3oAMCAQICEw8tJb0ROZdKzkJUh6HuPTQGirQwDQYJ
KoZIhvcNAQENBQAwVTENMAsGA1UEChMESUVURjERMA8GA1UECxMITEFNUFMgV0cx
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--54f--
C.2.3. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Complex Message, Header
Protection
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 5643 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴multipart/mixed 1568 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 932 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 286 bytes
│└─╴text/html 381 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 236 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
Subject: smime-one-part-complex-hp
Message-ID: <smime-one-part-complex-hp@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:06:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
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C.2.3.1. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Complex Message, Header
Protection, Unwrapped
The S/MIME signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Subject: smime-one-part-complex-hp
Message-ID: <smime-one-part-complex-hp@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:06:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="ab8"; hp="clear"
--ab8
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="0f4"
--0f4
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-one-part-complex-hp
message.
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a multipart/alternative message with an inline
image/png attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from
RFC 9788.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--0f4
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>smime-one-part-complex-hp</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a multipart/alternative message with an inline
image/png attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from
RFC 9788.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--0f4--
--ab8
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
MAgS739nO3TpRw20dqpbfARQEjOywiwYnCtkDKnbcLk66sqlT+zt9cidkE+6KwkZ
sgrzfcqVMpL2jo0447gYDpeArk+OnJHkIhAfTPRicihAf5YJrw7vjv0ZWRWM/uli
vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--ab8--
C.2.4. S/MIME Signed-Only multipart/signed over a Complex Message,
Header Protection
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached signature
(multipart/signed). The payload is a multipart/alternative message
with an inline image/png attachment. It uses the Header Protection
scheme from RFC 9788.
It has the following structure:
└┬╴multipart/signed 5518 bytes
├┬╴multipart/mixed 1626 bytes
│├┬╴multipart/alternative 988 bytes
││├─╴text/plain 303 bytes
││└─╴text/html 401 bytes
│└─╴image/png inline 232 bytes
└─╴application/pkcs7-signature [smime.p7s] 3429 bytes
Its contents are:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/signed;
protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"; boundary="a64";
micalg="sha-256"
Subject: smime-multipart-complex-hp
Message-ID: <smime-multipart-complex-hp@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:07:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
--a64
MIME-Version: 1.0
Subject: smime-multipart-complex-hp
Message-ID: <smime-multipart-complex-hp@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:07:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="550"; hp="clear"
--550
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="fcd"
--fcd
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-multipart-complex-hp
message.
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached
signature (multipart/signed). The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--fcd
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>smime-multipart-complex-hp</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached
signature (multipart/signed). The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--fcd--
--550
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
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--550--
--a64
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature; name="smime.p7s"
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--a64--
C.2.5. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Complex Message, Legacy RFC
8551 Header Protection
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the legacy RFC 8551 Header Protection
(RFC8551HP) scheme.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 5696 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴message/rfc822 1660 bytes
└┬╴multipart/mixed 1612 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 974 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 296 bytes
│└─╴text/html 394 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 232 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
Subject: smime-one-part-complex-rfc8551hp
Message-ID: <smime-one-part-complex-rfc8551hp@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:26:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
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C.2.5.1. S/MIME Signed-Only signedData over a Complex Message, Legacy
RFC 8551 Header Protection, Unwrapped
The S/MIME signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: message/rfc822
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="fcc"
Subject: smime-one-part-complex-rfc8551hp
Message-ID: <smime-one-part-complex-rfc8551hp@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:26:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
--fcc
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="0f8"
--0f8
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-one-part-complex-rfc8551hp
message.
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a multipart/alternative message with an inline
image/png attachment. It uses the legacy RFC 8551 Header
Protection (RFC8551HP) scheme.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--0f8
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>smime-one-part-complex-rfc8551hp</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 signedData. The
payload is a multipart/alternative message with an inline
image/png attachment. It uses the legacy RFC 8551 Header
Protection (RFC8551HP) scheme.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--0f8--
--fcc
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
MAgS739nO3TpRw20dqpbfARQEjOywiwYnCtkDKnbcLk66sqlT+zt9cidkE+6KwkZ
sgrzfcqVMpL2jo0447gYDpeArk+OnJHkIhAfTPRicihAf5YJrw7vjv0ZWRWM/uli
vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--fcc--
C.2.6. S/MIME Signed-Only multipart/signed over a Complex Message,
Legacy RFC 8551 Header Protection
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached signature
(multipart/signed). The payload is a multipart/alternative message
with an inline image/png attachment. It uses the legacy RFC 8551
Header Protection (RFC8551HP) scheme.
It has the following structure:
└┬╴multipart/signed 5624 bytes
├┬╴message/rfc822 1718 bytes
│└┬╴multipart/mixed 1670 bytes
│ ├┬╴multipart/alternative 1030 bytes
│ │├─╴text/plain 324 bytes
│ │└─╴text/html 422 bytes
│ └─╴image/png inline 232 bytes
└─╴application/pkcs7-signature [smime.p7s] 3429 bytes
Its contents are:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/signed;
protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"; boundary="740";
micalg="sha-256"
Subject: smime-multipart-complex-rfc8551hp
Message-ID: <smime-multipart-complex-rfc8551hp@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:27:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
--740
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: message/rfc822
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="cf8"
Subject: smime-multipart-complex-rfc8551hp
Message-ID: <smime-multipart-complex-rfc8551hp@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:27:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
--cf8
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="e8a"
--e8a
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-multipart-complex-rfc8551hp
message.
This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached
signature (multipart/signed). The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the legacy RFC 8551 Header Protection
(RFC8551HP) scheme.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--e8a
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>smime-multipart-complex-rfc8551hp</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-only S/MIME message via PKCS#7 detached
signature (multipart/signed). The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the legacy RFC 8551 Header Protection
(RFC8551HP) scheme.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--e8a--
--cf8
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
MAgS739nO3TpRw20dqpbfARQEjOywiwYnCtkDKnbcLk66sqlT+zt9cidkE+6KwkZ
sgrzfcqVMpL2jo0447gYDpeArk+OnJHkIhAfTPRicihAf5YJrw7vjv0ZWRWM/uli
vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--cf8--
--740
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature; name="smime.p7s"
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hvcNAQcBoIIHpjCCA88wggK3oAMCAQICEw8tJb0ROZdKzkJUh6HuPTQGirQwDQYJ
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--740--
C.3. Signed-and-Encrypted Messages
These messages are signed and encrypted. They use PKCS#7 signedData
inside envelopedData, with different Header Protection schemes and
different Header Confidentiality Policies.
C.3.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the
hcp_baseline Header Confidentiality Policy.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 7825 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 4786 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└─╴text/plain 330 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:09:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
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aXylZnqk5kEiwW3eNjoh0Q==
C.3.1.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline, Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
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eh0Hs/LLI6jCJ82HDBCfgGfbJ8Lfqdk=
C.3.1.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline, Decrypted and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Subject: smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:09:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline@example>
HP-Outer: From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
HP-Outer: To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:09:02 -0500
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; hp="cipher"
This is the
smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with
the `hcp_baseline` Header Confidentiality Policy.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
C.3.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display)
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the
hcp_baseline Header Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy Display"
element.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 8085 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 4972 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└─╴text/plain 418 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:10:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
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oOAsZzzqd5R1io5ABgZD5A==
C.3.2.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display), Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
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syHys6sl5UEThDVuQ8xBKoZOktYzIMuwy9TPtVJ0rX1vG4iXMBE+px8wWoyqlypv
KkM+bN307AfxMENsBsWfm9vEzPAC3WjgXl/6T5vhgxWb+Cb0Zn+uaYGkxa43vsS6
fUonAiKB2QTuG4LgHxD1lxsKOYvUx8DcNcS/I4y9Xw+rm74LTjyrGISWmq7qec+s
duAWjkLU5025Opkh86yjSI0L89x0XEqcKeKoxp4O7lxt3LZ6rHC3pr2zHhgGo3uc
xI/5nTWN98HT9N8w/jNkZSskHXbnCxNgLz/CFHXA41Qq0Wd7wrk9vdHammCjdc2U
4RtIRPzk8ehj5ko6LULT
C.3.2.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display), Decrypted and
Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Subject: smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:10:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer:
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
HP-Outer: From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
HP-Outer: To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:10:02 -0500
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8";
hp-legacy-display="1"; hp="cipher"
Subject: smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy
This is the
smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with
the `hcp_baseline` Header Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy
Display" element.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
C.3.3. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the
hcp_shy Header Confidentiality Policy.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 7760 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 4732 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└─╴text/plain 320 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy@example>
From: alice@smime.example
To: bob@smime.example
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 15:12:02 +0000
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
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oJQBOTOwY6Cl1c77GnYyjg==
C.3.3.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy, Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
MIINbAYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIINXTCCDVkCAQExDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwggOVBgkq
hkiG9w0BBwGgggOGBIIDgk1JTUUtVmVyc2lvbjogMS4wDQpDb250ZW50LVRyYW5z
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C.3.3.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy, Decrypted and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Subject: smime-signed-enc-hp-shy
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:12:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy@example>
HP-Outer: From: alice@smime.example
HP-Outer: To: bob@smime.example
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 15:12:02 +0000
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; hp="cipher"
This is the
smime-signed-enc-hp-shy
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with
the `hcp_shy` Header Confidentiality Policy.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
C.3.4. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display)
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the
hcp_shy Header Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy Display"
element.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 8190 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 5050 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└─╴text/plain 506 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy@example>
From: alice@smime.example
To: bob@smime.example
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 15:13:02 +0000
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
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kE7FrgI4Wo5aizOFA4GZFXN6h9IlsFiV9izXUoMjFJwR6Kp/QF1ikD0Pf/aPiUqu
C.3.4.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display), Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
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AQEFAASCAQCmZj3YztDO1jbNLEaAm/3QumEiuQzGfQctHOakbQxvEdazDFQuz4XY
tnXnadpjedB8CrzjKdgP8A3ls1mzTSrobnZ4hEd9uhuMDgVRUXaEy+0rx+XCfBek
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tzHJBnv+nQN7UpC4O6LCCIyjzI+hoEV+GP0m0LpClvUcRaplG5vgwshhHJRyjeOt
veiRr2vhYuXwo3pR+NzQGx3eaqOnksSP
C.3.4.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display), Decrypted and
Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Subject: smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:13:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy@example>
HP-Outer: From: alice@smime.example
HP-Outer: To: bob@smime.example
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 15:13:02 +0000
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8";
hp-legacy-display="1"; hp="cipher"
Subject: smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:13:02 -0500
This is the
smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with
the `hcp_shy` Header Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy
Display" element.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
C.3.5. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the
hcp_baseline Header Confidentiality Policy.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 8300 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 5136 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└─╴text/plain 336 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-reply@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:15:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline@example>
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C.3.5.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline, Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
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C.3.5.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline, Decrypted and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Subject: smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-reply
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-reply@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:15:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline@example>
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer:
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-reply@example>
HP-Outer: From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
HP-Outer: To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:15:02 -0500
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline@example>
HP-Outer: References: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline@example>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; hp="cipher"
This is the
smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-reply
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with
the `hcp_baseline` Header Confidentiality Policy.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
C.3.6. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display)
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the
hcp_baseline Header Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy Display"
element.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 8625 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 5376 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└─╴text/plain 430 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy-reply@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:16:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
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C.3.6.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display),
Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
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C.3.6.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display),
Decrypted and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Subject: smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy-reply
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy-reply@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:16:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer:
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy-reply@example>
HP-Outer: From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
HP-Outer: To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:16:02 -0500
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer:
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
HP-Outer:
References: <smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8";
hp-legacy-display="1"; hp="cipher"
Subject: smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy-reply
This is the
smime-signed-enc-hp-baseline-legacy-reply
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with
the `hcp_baseline` Header Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy
Display" element.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
C.3.7. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the
hcp_shy Header Confidentiality Policy.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 8190 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 5054 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└─╴text/plain 326 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-reply@example>
From: alice@smime.example
To: bob@smime.example
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 15:18:02 +0000
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy@example>
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uGus9+FNgJ7a4j6mvdOz8lfcRn+U3YE1jLIEE0R/VtIg6jgezyt7/Z4J7rbf1pJC
ZHJQ6x6UR1VA53pQKoFVF9bsPl3ZvsvHWT8yblfKL3U3EJm0Yl+GHbVqaZR2XF8a
knL2/j4tpd/73jOvlb7eAR+eFgjh0HQdR/aEQ46eF0gYZTPDoXHB+9lxjtikAO6L
HgAQ6y1OnxuQWRaburXeyXYEoPVLUrYfdueBBRn8lTZY4esZNCAaCeqsICN2eKEl
wbF0oNH9Hn7vuIkdPCbSLMQxs9JBelIjgv1X/V0VVG8xiA3F18Jwf6XZl7AwpWBa
MBD7iBxovI0XAClxcWrB6ZlRYxwMujdIw2Dm98kaAeGpr9vXvkjxpLdcsSZF25cg
iSBoXR8KAbAvO8X0EciO/Or1qptyUgu6tUL+jFox7pC9Byaa4BW9/Dr4biwelUFD
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QIaHsSVlkIdmfq5YmTr+iNlwK1fcOZjseesYAhehpPJUzuP4KdGWr8Jc/pC0QNYd
iGL23ieFbTHKgPyGCmRdYgEMqpe/THE65H7pGuINigDEgkG4m0Eq7xDVbvy1SVJC
jc7o/O8cONg3kbHyYbGUlaIKBBap285GWNSotQSChkaDo3hT6S6cjPVsrPoqMN8j
PQNPARqKYRriyI3ej8msK311VRTjAGKWwEVgxn4nF02bvg9HBqv/TiFrTrFLSsd8
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TvlHswfi9xmPwZG1bytwrSB+kv/oE0cVLI9fPCKpe3I9N+oL8xLrlqG7vNqwaZAK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GwhG/6RzVZ+qnNzeEFlJjwUsMTd+4Xa3k2bkMBJQZggOtFxCeiANkVsBzrT6DTLa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.3.7.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy, Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"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ciINCg0KVGhpcyBpcyB0aGUNCnNtaW1lLXNpZ25lZC1lbmMtaHAtc2h5LXJlcGx5
DQptZXNzYWdlLg0KDQpUaGlzIGlzIGEgc2lnbmVkLWFuZC1lbmNyeXB0ZWQgUy9N
SU1FIG1lc3NhZ2UgdXNpbmcgUEtDUyM3DQplbnZlbG9wZWREYXRhIGFyb3VuZCBz
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OTc4OCB3aXRoDQp0aGUgYGhjcF9zaHlgIEhlYWRlciBDb25maWRlbnRpYWxpdHkg
UG9saWN5Lg0KDQotLSANCkFsaWNlDQphbGljZUBzbWltZS5leGFtcGxlDQqgggem
MIIDzzCCAregAwIBAgITDy0lvRE5l0rOQlSHoe49NAaKtDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQ0F
ADBVMQ0wCwYDVQQKEwRJRVRGMREwDwYDVQQLEwhMQU1QUyBXRzExMC8GA1UEAxMo
U2FtcGxlIExBTVBTIFJTQSBDZXJ0aWZpY2F0aW9uIEF1dGhvcml0eTAgFw0xOTEx
MjAwNjU0MThaGA8yMDUyMDkyNzA2NTQxOFowOzENMAsGA1UEChMESUVURjERMA8G
A1UECxMITEFNUFMgV0cxFzAVBgNVBAMTDkFsaWNlIExvdmVsYWNlMIIBIjANBgkq
hkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAmpUp+ovBouOP6AFQJ+RpwpODxxzY60n1
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/0HJvmSwqpS6oQcAx3Weag0yCNj1V9V9yu/3DjcYbwW2lJf5NbMHbM1LY4X5chWf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O0DBbZnfitOLPgPEwjTtdg0VQQ6Wz+CRQ/YbHPKaw7aRphZO63dKvIKp4cQVtkWQ
Hi6syTjGsgkLcLNau5LZDQUdsGV+SAo3nBdWCRYV+I65x8Kf4hCxqqmjV3d/2NKR
u0BXnDe/N+iDz3X0zEoj0fqXgq4SWcC0nsG1lyyXt1TL270I6ATKRGJWiQVCCpDt
c0NT6vdJ45bCSzsCAwEAAaOBrzCBrDAMBgNVHRMBAf8EAjAAMBcGA1UdIAQQMA4w
DAYKYIZIAWUDAgEwATAeBgNVHREEFzAVgRNhbGljZUBzbWltZS5leGFtcGxlMBMG
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si0dBhIcl64papAQ0yBmZnMwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAUkTCOfAcXDKfxCShlNhpnHGh2
9FkwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQENBQADggEBAHOJojanzqmgaSN3/gqSQ4cbbmdj/R40BEPr
+gXT+xiidfZ2iLNwYyTneuK6AChwKfnNvOFb8lV1iffRTF/KtmVEDMR/sYeqAH83
KM5p3el2lVh4OHhyI0qNuz5oShNaACSioQ23WxHGVy9vsdVfnbhsplrWg9NQ2Wbp
CmK+2oMh2oYl0Z/wvXMt9cG6jbMvcdH4z0IOvg6mrYkKTM/RCGnumghxwYToj1Oy
D5Gs4D2IJCw+fX5ODxh52MbNRYXTus2ZPRPM8JXNQC4GWv4km3M4rKnJDd6hnoQ9
rNeozIcBVyybQYjfrgg4DRvw9Ksk22OH4ConlB8f7R7s1LM2cSYxggIAMIIB/AIB
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EyhTYW1wbGUgTEFNUFMgUlNBIENlcnRpZmljYXRpb24gQXV0aG9yaXR5AhM3QQV5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C.3.7.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy, Decrypted and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Subject: smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-reply
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-reply@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:18:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy@example>
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-reply@example>
HP-Outer: From: alice@smime.example
HP-Outer: To: bob@smime.example
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 15:18:02 +0000
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy@example>
HP-Outer: References: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy@example>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; hp="cipher"
This is the
smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-reply
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with
the `hcp_shy` Header Confidentiality Policy.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
C.3.8. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display)
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the
hcp_shy Header Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy Display"
element.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 8690 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 5422 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└─╴text/plain 518 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy-reply@example>
From: alice@smime.example
To: bob@smime.example
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 15:19:02 +0000
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy@example>
MIIZDAYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIIY/TCCGPkCAQAxggMQMIIBhAIBADBsMFUxDTALBgNV
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C.3.8.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display), Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
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C.3.8.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Simple Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display), Decrypted
and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Subject: smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy-reply
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy-reply@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:19:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy@example>
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer:
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy-reply@example>
HP-Outer: From: alice@smime.example
HP-Outer: To: bob@smime.example
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 15:19:02 +0000
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy@example>
HP-Outer: References: <smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy@example>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8";
hp-legacy-display="1"; hp="cipher"
Subject: smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy-reply
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 10:19:02 -0500
This is the
smime-signed-enc-hp-shy-legacy-reply
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a text/plain
message. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with
the `hcp_shy` Header Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy
Display" element.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
C.3.9. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a multipart/
alternative message with an inline image/png attachment. It uses the
Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the hcp_baseline Header
Confidentiality Policy.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 10035 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 6416 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴multipart/mixed 2054 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 1126 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 384 bytes
│└─╴text/html 479 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 236 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:09:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
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3p8lzad1pvL/A+F+3ZzcVYqGV62ojnSOHb7iSEttZAlEmLVArtcVCcAqM5IWtjyT
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XGazzMVR4ksU8jkHPdw1nA==
C.3.9.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline, Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
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OQEP4YMS7y4q94RFFdmdzEbDLYx9sfUhvdTxDNOOoHz53PYDBh4zE4Nar2inC0D+
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JQ+9To+vEIk/gFhx931G9fYBZ3i5wqMCcoG0UhYG2AXTNLfEDhW3+7Yz1leqS6NH
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o9ewCiLmqimEsacO9ZJYmi7XdwDolB50ylpcM45Mvn0n0WIjaLcU3Ooqw8LPQWS2
ybK5q4kRvQ==
C.3.9.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline, Decrypted and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:09:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer:
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline@example>
HP-Outer: From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
HP-Outer: To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:09:02 -0500
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="3a3"; hp="cipher"
--3a3
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="f31"
--f31
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_baseline` Header Confidentiality Policy.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--f31
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_baseline` Header Confidentiality Policy.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--f31--
--3a3
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
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--3a3--
C.3.10. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display)
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a multipart/
alternative message with an inline image/png attachment. It uses the
Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the hcp_baseline Header
Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy Display" element.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 10640 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 6870 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴multipart/mixed 2373 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 1423 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 480 bytes
│└─╴text/html 640 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 236 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:10:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
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wuHcGe8inCjn0+14A5sdgRouC0v5tkId04pRewc3eUixnVvzsXTp1jvbMcCxTHYG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C.3.10.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display), Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
MIITfQYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIITbjCCE2oCAQExDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwggmmBgkq
hkiG9w0BBwGgggmXBIIJk01JTUUtVmVyc2lvbjogMS4wDQpTdWJqZWN0OiBzbWlt
ZS1zaWduZWQtZW5jLWNvbXBsZXgtaHAtYmFzZWxpbmUtbGVnYWN5DQpNZXNzYWdl
LUlEOg0KIDxzbWltZS1zaWduZWQtZW5jLWNvbXBsZXgtaHAtYmFzZWxpbmUtbGVn
YWN5QGV4YW1wbGU+DQpGcm9tOiBBbGljZSA8YWxpY2VAc21pbWUuZXhhbXBsZT4N
ClRvOiBCb2IgPGJvYkBzbWltZS5leGFtcGxlPg0KRGF0ZTogU2F0LCAyMCBGZWIg
MjAyMSAxMjoxMDowMiAtMDUwMA0KVXNlci1BZ2VudDogU2FtcGxlIE1VQSBWZXJz
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LTA1MDANCkhQLU91dGVyOiBVc2VyLUFnZW50OiBTYW1wbGUgTVVBIFZlcnNpb24g
MS4wDQpDb250ZW50LVR5cGU6IG11bHRpcGFydC9taXhlZDsgYm91bmRhcnk9IjNj
NSI7IGhwPSJjaXBoZXIiDQoNCi0tM2M1DQpNSU1FLVZlcnNpb246IDEuMA0KQ29u
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DQoNCi0tYWYzDQpNSU1FLVZlcnNpb246IDEuMA0KQ29udGVudC1UcmFuc2Zlci1F
bmNvZGluZzogN2JpdA0KQ29udGVudC1UeXBlOiB0ZXh0L3BsYWluOyBjaGFyc2V0
PSJ1cy1hc2NpaSI7DQogaHAtbGVnYWN5LWRpc3BsYXk9IjEiDQoNClN1YmplY3Q6
IHNtaW1lLXNpZ25lZC1lbmMtY29tcGxleC1ocC1iYXNlbGluZS1sZWdhY3kNCg0K
VGhpcyBpcyB0aGUNCnNtaW1lLXNpZ25lZC1lbmMtY29tcGxleC1ocC1iYXNlbGlu
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cHRlZCBTL01JTUUgbWVzc2FnZSB1c2luZyBQS0NTIzcNCmVudmVsb3BlZERhdGEg
YXJvdW5kIHNpZ25lZERhdGEuICBUaGUgcGF5bG9hZCBpcyBhDQptdWx0aXBhcnQv
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dGFjaG1lbnQuIEl0IHVzZXMgdGhlIEhlYWRlciBQcm90ZWN0aW9uIHNjaGVtZSBm
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ZmlkZW50aWFsaXR5IFBvbGljeSB3aXRoIGENCiJMZWdhY3kgRGlzcGxheSIgZWxl
bWVudC4NCg0KLS0gDQpBbGljZQ0KYWxpY2VAc21pbWUuZXhhbXBsZQ0KLS1hZjMN
Ck1JTUUtVmVyc2lvbjogMS4wDQpDb250ZW50LVRyYW5zZmVyLUVuY29kaW5nOiA3
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cnc3dmp2MFpXUldNL3VsaQ0KdmRQZjFRWjJrREQ5eHBwZDh3QUFBQUJKUlU1RXJr
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VIeh7j00Boq0MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBDQUAMFUxDTALBgNVBAoTBElFVEYxETAPBgNV
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A5Qf8JW3ZmnVz5q7M8onZm7mZjqQeb6FUH4i2GMt4jse2Dqs165ernT9O5NLFflH
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9WZLhOAOpeNZKGmVwjeVy+8FkyzC3jX/Qcm+ZLCqlLqhBwDHdZ5qDTII2PVX1X3K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A1UdEwEB/wQCMAAwFwYDVR0gBBAwDjAMBgpghkgBZQMCATABMB4GA1UdEQQXMBWB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C.3.10.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Header
Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display), Decrypted
and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy
Message-ID:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:10:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
HP-Outer: From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
HP-Outer: To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:10:02 -0500
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="3c5"; hp="cipher"
--3c5
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="af3"
--af3
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii";
hp-legacy-display="1"
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy
This is the
smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_baseline` Header Confidentiality Policy with a
"Legacy Display" element.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--af3
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii";
hp-legacy-display="1"
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<div class="header-protection-legacy-display">
<pre>
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy
</pre>
</div><p>This is the
<b>smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_baseline` Header Confidentiality Policy with a
"Legacy Display" element.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br>Alice<br>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--af3--
--3c5
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
MAgS739nO3TpRw20dqpbfARQEjOywiwYnCtkDKnbcLk66sqlT+zt9cidkE+6KwkZ
sgrzfcqVMpL2jo0447gYDpeArk+OnJHkIhAfTPRicihAf5YJrw7vjv0ZWRWM/uli
vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--3c5--
C.3.11. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a multipart/
alternative message with an inline image/png attachment. It uses the
Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the hcp_shy Header
Confidentiality Policy.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 9945 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 6346 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴multipart/mixed 2005 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 1106 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 374 bytes
│└─╴text/html 469 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 236 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy@example>
From: alice@smime.example
To: bob@smime.example
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 17:12:02 +0000
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
MIIcrAYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIIcnTCCHJkCAQAxggMQMIIBhAIBADBsMFUxDTALBgNV
BAoTBElFVEYxETAPBgNVBAsTCExBTVBTIFdHMTEwLwYDVQQDEyhTYW1wbGUgTEFN
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Boq0MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUABIIBAEYCnMa5cAMGlFedd4M7eVuZRV3TQlSwv6zq
HizrFLVHcw2IQIXHK5qbN2Gei2g4nukYK9jX/nlfLZcKwB2iyG3737Ga9ioiW3WG
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HGLS64MvlsDXhpQwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQAEggEAdhLP26FYAU8560yDWy0tAg0k
r9TR3H8R9QxKI604FXSK3bmOXqq7mWT58NTkquiB4ZEycB+eC44YS3CpPq0oUxlv
KO1x9vjGq8ksFQwaZ+CRLlK+pJWPOkcfLd2m3vYbj5arKGNdJe+cqqxoX+GXJlY3
7TUYptqU7VRj/oe7IfawjmORo8PUtcftFmNNTrd+ohS01RTw+czmu8OS4SDEVQZf
mgLFHTVqj0BfTGUJDqA917N04GYBRXSYUVL3oNjBBRRS3aWTRZYUW9lp8XRl3LJQ
berrHomKqkY1aLBn6m6bY9/RkyACqmcsar5HuinbuNS+v7WNuQKeFgWPDDdiNTCC
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C.3.11.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy, Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
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pm6/ag==
C.3.11.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy, Decrypted and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:12:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy@example>
HP-Outer: From: alice@smime.example
HP-Outer: To: bob@smime.example
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 17:12:02 +0000
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="eb4"; hp="cipher"
--eb4
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="aab"
--aab
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_shy` Header Confidentiality Policy.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--aab
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_shy` Header Confidentiality Policy.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--aab--
--eb4
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
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vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--eb4--
C.3.12. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display)
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a multipart/
alternative message with an inline image/png attachment. It uses the
Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the hcp_shy Header
Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy Display" element.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 10945 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 7084 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴multipart/mixed 2525 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 1605 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 568 bytes
│└─╴text/html 740 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 236 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy@example>
From: alice@smime.example
To: bob@smime.example
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 17:13:02 +0000
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
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6yI9K5QPEcFa9AErInwKFQ==
C.3.12.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display), Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
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RzEIRwi/BymNcaR2Bac=
C.3.12.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Header
Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display), Decrypted and
Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:13:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer:
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy@example>
HP-Outer: From: alice@smime.example
HP-Outer: To: bob@smime.example
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 17:13:02 +0000
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="88b"; hp="cipher"
--88b
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="6bd"
--6bd
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii";
hp-legacy-display="1"
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:13:02 -0500
This is the
smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_shy` Header Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy
Display" element.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--6bd
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii";
hp-legacy-display="1"
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<div class="header-protection-legacy-display">
<pre>
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:13:02 -0500
</pre>
</div><p>This is the
<b>smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_shy` Header Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy
Display" element.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br>Alice<br>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--6bd--
--88b
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
MAgS739nO3TpRw20dqpbfARQEjOywiwYnCtkDKnbcLk66sqlT+zt9cidkE+6KwkZ
sgrzfcqVMpL2jo0447gYDpeArk+OnJHkIhAfTPRicihAf5YJrw7vjv0ZWRWM/uli
vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--88b--
C.3.13. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a multipart/
alternative message with an inline image/png attachment. It uses the
Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the hcp_baseline Header
Confidentiality Policy.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 10575 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 6820 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴multipart/mixed 2343 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 1138 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 390 bytes
│└─╴text/html 485 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 236 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-reply@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:15:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline@example>
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C.3.13.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline, Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
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C.3.13.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline, Decrypted and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-reply
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-reply@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:15:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline@example>
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-reply@example>
HP-Outer: From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
HP-Outer: To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:15:02 -0500
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer:
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline@example>
HP-Outer:
References: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline@example>
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="8ec"; hp="cipher"
--8ec
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="bce"
--bce
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-reply
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_baseline` Header Confidentiality Policy.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--bce
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-reply</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_baseline` Header Confidentiality Policy.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--bce--
--8ec
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
MAgS739nO3TpRw20dqpbfARQEjOywiwYnCtkDKnbcLk66sqlT+zt9cidkE+6KwkZ
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vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--8ec--
C.3.14. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display)
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a multipart/
alternative message with an inline image/png attachment. It uses the
Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the hcp_baseline Header
Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy Display" element.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 11205 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 7286 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴multipart/mixed 2668 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 1427 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 482 bytes
│└─╴text/html 642 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 236 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-lgc-rpl@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:16:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
References:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
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GpZyX492SC9oN3dOJZELsQ==
C.3.14.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display),
Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
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C.3.14.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_baseline (+ Legacy Display),
Decrypted and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-lgc-rpl
Message-ID:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-lgc-rpl@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:16:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
References:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-lgc-rpl@example>
HP-Outer: From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
HP-Outer: To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:16:02 -0500
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: In-Reply-To:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
HP-Outer: References:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-legacy@example>
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="bed"; hp="cipher"
--bed
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="828"
--828
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii";
hp-legacy-display="1"
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-lgc-rpl
This is the
smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-lgc-rpl
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_baseline` Header Confidentiality Policy with a
"Legacy Display" element.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--828
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii";
hp-legacy-display="1"
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<div class="header-protection-legacy-display">
<pre>
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-lgc-rpl
</pre>
</div><p>This is the
<b>smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-baseline-lgc-rpl</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_baseline` Header Confidentiality Policy with a
"Legacy Display" element.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br>Alice<br>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--828--
--bed
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
MAgS739nO3TpRw20dqpbfARQEjOywiwYnCtkDKnbcLk66sqlT+zt9cidkE+6KwkZ
sgrzfcqVMpL2jo0447gYDpeArk+OnJHkIhAfTPRicihAf5YJrw7vjv0ZWRWM/uli
vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--bed--
C.3.15. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a multipart/
alternative message with an inline image/png attachment. It uses the
Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the hcp_shy Header
Confidentiality Policy.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 10445 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 6720 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴multipart/mixed 2273 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 1118 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 380 bytes
│└─╴text/html 475 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 236 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-reply@example>
From: alice@smime.example
To: bob@smime.example
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 17:18:02 +0000
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy@example>
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C.3.15.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy, Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
MIITEgYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIITAzCCEv8CAQExDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwggk7Bgkq
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IHBheWxvYWQgaXMgYQ0KbXVsdGlwYXJ0L2FsdGVybmF0aXZlIG1lc3NhZ2Ugd2l0
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wy2MfbH1Ib3U8QzTjqB8+dz2AwYeMxODWq9opwtA/lTOkRg8uuivZfg/m5fFo/Qs
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MjcwNjU0MThaMDsxDTALBgNVBAoTBElFVEYxETAPBgNVBAsTCExBTVBTIFdHMRcw
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tmVEDMR/sYeqAH83KM5p3el2lVh4OHhyI0qNuz5oShNaACSioQ23WxHGVy9vsdVf
nbhsplrWg9NQ2WbpCmK+2oMh2oYl0Z/wvXMt9cG6jbMvcdH4z0IOvg6mrYkKTM/R
CGnumghxwYToj1OyD5Gs4D2IJCw+fX5ODxh52MbNRYXTus2ZPRPM8JXNQC4GWv4k
m3M4rKnJDd6hnoQ9rNeozIcBVyybQYjfrgg4DRvw9Ksk22OH4ConlB8f7R7s1LM2
cSYxggIAMIIB/AIBATBsMFUxDTALBgNVBAoTBElFVEYxETAPBgNVBAsTCExBTVBT
IFdHMTEwLwYDVQQDEyhTYW1wbGUgTEFNUFMgUlNBIENlcnRpZmljYXRpb24gQXV0
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SIb3DQEJAzELBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHAYJKoZIhvcNAQkFMQ8XDTIxMDIyMDE3MTgw
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TAOkMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUABIIBACXiU0FE8dQ6qbdByg97uCGlmOthKkgEMr5O
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gK8c4LiuNfD76ZQLHbPhIMYDidhYb5lDO4MZCJosGPFCgGitf5V089h6WjZMY26F
YpL5lQfXgVAP0A4Y+2f8RaEP4Fsh8SLcV/EzniT2xCNCEuZwsETA65OnGJ6A6ktM
ljaEywaYkm0bVFuJ2ml4x0YDd/pZpr7CIgDtzh/97x39apqnNOnzTGnGgZi2T6yK
4flYxBHvYI53lUd/ub1SQMH/+X4zL0sbfb5+idTt10u1pN0Qcb8=
C.3.15.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy, Decrypted and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-reply
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-reply@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:18:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy@example>
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer:
Message-ID: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-reply@example>
HP-Outer: From: alice@smime.example
HP-Outer: To: bob@smime.example
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 17:18:02 +0000
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer: In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy@example>
HP-Outer: References: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy@example>
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="230"; hp="cipher"
--230
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="4c8"
--4c8
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-reply
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_shy` Header Confidentiality Policy.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--4c8
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-reply</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_shy` Header Confidentiality Policy.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--4c8--
--230
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
MAgS739nO3TpRw20dqpbfARQEjOywiwYnCtkDKnbcLk66sqlT+zt9cidkE+6KwkZ
sgrzfcqVMpL2jo0447gYDpeArk+OnJHkIhAfTPRicihAf5YJrw7vjv0ZWRWM/uli
vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--230--
C.3.16. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display)
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a multipart/
alternative message with an inline image/png attachment. It uses the
Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788 with the hcp_shy Header
Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy Display" element.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 11530 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 7520 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴multipart/mixed 2834 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 1629 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 580 bytes
│└─╴text/html 752 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 236 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy-reply@example>
From: alice@smime.example
To: bob@smime.example
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 17:19:02 +0000
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy@example>
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hoJtKrmhoEPysT+tjPJtbWMsptslap14bwHCfNrtlQnhsE6jrrPFIUB7a7DNL7D8
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5P6nHYB/zZ7qHM/LPSZdWA==
C.3.16.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display), Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
MIIVWAYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIIVSTCCFUUCAQExDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwgguBBgkq
hkiG9w0BBwGgggtyBIILbk1JTUUtVmVyc2lvbjogMS4wDQpTdWJqZWN0OiBzbWlt
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cmVwbHlAZXhhbXBsZT4NCkZyb206IEFsaWNlIDxhbGljZUBzbWltZS5leGFtcGxl
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YiAyMDIxIDEyOjE5OjAyIC0wNTAwDQpVc2VyLUFnZW50OiBTYW1wbGUgTVVBIFZl
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IDIwIEZlYiAyMDIxIDEyOjE5OjAyIC0wNTAwDQoNClRoaXMgaXMgdGhlDQpzbWlt
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DQo8ZGl2IGNsYXNzPSJoZWFkZXItcHJvdGVjdGlvbi1sZWdhY3ktZGlzcGxheSI+
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Y3FWTXBMMmpvMDQ0N2dZRHBlQXJrK09uSkhrSWhBZlRQUmljaWhBZjVZSnJ3N3Zq
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DqXjWShplcI3lcvvBZMswt41/0HJvmSwqpS6oQcAx3Weag0yCNj1V9V9yu/3DjcY
bwW2lJf5NbMHbM1LY4X5chWfNEbkN6hQury/zxnlsukgn+fHbqvwDhJLAgFpW/jA
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BgpghkgBZQMCATABMB4GA1UdEQQXMBWBE2FsaWNlQHNtaW1lLmV4YW1wbGUwEwYD
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RDyAKRV8ASPw546vzfN3DzAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBSRMI58BxcMp/EJKGU2GmccaHb0
WTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQ0FAAOCAQEAgUl4oJyxMpwWpAylOvK6NEbMl1gD5H14EC4M
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RRXZncxGwy2MfbH1Ib3U8QzTjqB8+dz2AwYeMxODWq9opwtA/lTOkRg8uuivZfg/
m5fFo/QshlHNaaTDVEXsU4Ps98Hm/3gznbvhdjFbZbi4oZ3tAadRlE5K9JiQaJYO
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XTSO7K459CyqbqG+sNOo2kc1nTXl85RHNrVKQK+L0YWY1Q+hWDCCA88wggK3oAMC
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ChMESUVURjERMA8GA1UECxMITEFNUFMgV0cxMTAvBgNVBAMTKFNhbXBsZSBMQU1Q
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MjA1MjA5MjcwNjU0MThaMDsxDTALBgNVBAoTBElFVEYxETAPBgNVBAsTCExBTVBT
IFdHMRcwFQYDVQQDEw5BbGljZSBMb3ZlbGFjZTCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQAD
ggEPADCCAQoCggEBALT0iehYOBY+TZp/T5K2KNI05Hwr+E3wP6XTvyi6WWyTgBK9
LCOwI2juwdRrjFBSXkk7pWpjXwsA3A5GOtz0FpfgyC7OxsVcF7q4WHWZWleYXFKl
QHJD73nQwXP968+A/3rBX7PhO0DBbZnfitOLPgPEwjTtdg0VQQ6Wz+CRQ/YbHPKa
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Af8EAjAAMBcGA1UdIAQQMA4wDAYKYIZIAWUDAgEwATAeBgNVHREEFzAVgRNhbGlj
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AwIGwDAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUu/bMsi0dBhIcl64papAQ0yBmZnMwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAU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C.3.16.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted Reply over a Complex Message,
Header Protection with hcp_shy (+ Legacy Display), Decrypted
and Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy-reply
Message-ID:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy-reply@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:19:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy@example>
References: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy@example>
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID:
<smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy-reply@example>
HP-Outer: From: alice@smime.example
HP-Outer: To: bob@smime.example
HP-Outer: Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 17:19:02 +0000
HP-Outer: User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
HP-Outer:
In-Reply-To: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy@example>
HP-Outer:
References: <smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy@example>
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="242"; hp="cipher"
--242
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="da7"
--da7
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii";
hp-legacy-display="1"
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy-reply
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:19:02 -0500
This is the
smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy-reply
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_shy` Header Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy
Display" element.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--da7
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii";
hp-legacy-display="1"
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<div class="header-protection-legacy-display">
<pre>
Subject: smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy-reply
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:19:02 -0500
</pre>
</div><p>This is the
<b>smime-signed-enc-complex-hp-shy-legacy-reply</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the Header Protection scheme from RFC 9788
with the `hcp_shy` Header Confidentiality Policy with a "Legacy
Display" element.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br>Alice<br>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--da7--
--242
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
MAgS739nO3TpRw20dqpbfARQEjOywiwYnCtkDKnbcLk66sqlT+zt9cidkE+6KwkZ
sgrzfcqVMpL2jo0447gYDpeArk+OnJHkIhAfTPRicihAf5YJrw7vjv0ZWRWM/uli
vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--242--
C.3.17. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Legacy RFC
8551 Header Protection with hcp_baseline
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a multipart/
alternative message with an inline image/png attachment. It uses the
legacy RFC 8551 Header Protection (RFC8551HP) scheme with the
hcp_baseline Header Confidentiality Policy.
It has the following structure:
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 9580 bytes
↧ (decrypts to)
└─╴application/pkcs7-mime [smime.p7m] 6082 bytes
⇩ (unwraps to)
└┬╴message/rfc822 1876 bytes
└┬╴multipart/mixed 1828 bytes
├┬╴multipart/alternative 1168 bytes
│├─╴text/plain 393 bytes
│└─╴text/html 491 bytes
└─╴image/png inline 232 bytes
Its contents are:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
Subject: [...]
Message-ID:
<smime-enc-signed-complex-rfc8551hp-baseline@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:28:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
MIIbnAYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIIbjTCCG4kCAQAxggMQMIIBhAIBADBsMFUxDTALBgNV
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C.3.17.1. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Legacy
RFC 8551 Header Protection with hcp_baseline, Decrypted
The S/MIME enveloped-data layer unwraps to this signed-data part:
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="signed-data"
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ES1xMiED
C.3.17.2. S/MIME Signed-and-Encrypted over a Complex Message, Legacy
RFC 8551 Header Protection with hcp_baseline, Decrypted and
Unwrapped
The inner signed-data layer unwraps to:
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: message/rfc822
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="144"
Subject: smime-enc-signed-complex-rfc8551hp-baseline
Message-ID:
<smime-enc-signed-complex-rfc8551hp-baseline@example>
From: Alice <alice@smime.example>
To: Bob <bob@smime.example>
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2021 12:28:02 -0500
User-Agent: Sample MUA Version 1.0
--144
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="579"
--579
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
This is the
smime-enc-signed-complex-rfc8551hp-baseline
message.
This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the legacy RFC 8551 Header Protection
(RFC8551HP) scheme with the `hcp_baseline` Header
Confidentiality Policy.
--
Alice
alice@smime.example
--579
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<p>This is the
<b>smime-enc-signed-complex-rfc8551hp-baseline</b>
message.</p>
<p>This is a signed-and-encrypted S/MIME message using PKCS#7
envelopedData around signedData. The payload is a
multipart/alternative message with an inline image/png
attachment. It uses the legacy RFC 8551 Header Protection
(RFC8551HP) scheme with the `hcp_baseline` Header
Confidentiality Policy.</p>
<p><tt>-- <br/>Alice<br/>alice@smime.example</tt></p></body></html>
--579--
--144
Content-Type: image/png
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAAcElEQVR42uVTOxbA
MAgS739nO3TpRw20dqpbfARQEjOywiwYnCtkDKnbcLk66sqlT+zt9cidkE+6KwkZ
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vdPf1QZ2kDD9xppd8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
--144--
Appendix D. Composition Examples
This section offers step-by-step examples of message composition.
D.1. New Message Composition
A typical MUA composition interface offers the user a place to
indicate the message recipients, subject, and content of the message.
Consider a composition window filled out by the user like so:
.------------------------------------------------------.
| Composing New Message .----. |
| +---------------------------------+ | Send | |
| To: | Alice <alice@example.net> | '----' |
| +---------------------------------+---------+ |
| Subject: | Handling the Jones contract | |
| +-------------------------------------------+ |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Please review and approve or decline by Thursday, it's |
| critical! |
| |
| Thanks, |
| Bob |
| |
| -- |
| Bob Gonzalez |
| ACME, Inc. |
| |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 1: Example Message Composition Interface
When Bob clicks "Send", his MUA generates values for the Message-ID,
From, and Date Header Fields and converts the message content into
the appropriate format.
D.1.1. Unprotected Message
The resulting message would look something like this if it was sent
without cryptographic protections:
Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500
From: Bob <bob@example.net>
To: Alice <alice@example.net>
Subject: Handling the Jones contract
Message-ID: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Please review and approve or decline by Thursday, it's critical!
Thanks,
Bob
--
Bob Gonzalez
ACME, Inc.
D.1.2. Encrypted with hcp_baseline and Legacy Display
Now consider the message to be generated if it is to be
cryptographically signed and encrypted, using HCP hcp_baseline, and
the legacy variable is set.
For each Header Field, Bob's MUA passes its name and value through
hcp_baseline. This returns the same value for every Header Field,
except that:
hcp_baseline("Subject", "Handling the Jones contract") yields
"[...]".
D.1.2.1. Cryptographic Payload
The Cryptographic Payload that will be signed and then encrypted is
very similar to the unprotected message in Appendix D.1.1. Note the
addition of:
* the hp="cipher" parameter for the Content-Type
* the appropriate HP-Outer Header Field for Subject
* the hp-legacy-display="1" parameter for the Content-Type
* the Legacy Display Element (the simple pseudo-header and its
trailing newline) in the Main Body Part
Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500
From: Bob <bob@example.net>
To: Alice <alice@example.net>
Subject: Handling the Jones contract
Message-ID: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"; hp-legacy-display="1";
hp="cipher"
MIME-Version: 1.0
HP-Outer: Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500
HP-Outer: From: Bob <bob@example.net>
HP-Outer: To: Alice <alice@example.net>
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
Subject: Handling the Jones contract
Please review and approve or decline by Thursday, it's critical!
Thanks,
Bob
--
Bob Gonzalez
ACME, Inc.
D.1.2.2. Outer Header Section
The Cryptographic Payload from Appendix D.1.2.1 is then wrapped in
the appropriate Cryptographic Layers. For this example using S/MIME,
it is wrapped in an application/pkcs7-mime; smime-type="signed-data"
layer, which is in turn wrapped in an application/pkcs7-mime; smime-
type="enveloped-data" layer.
Then, an Outer Header Section is applied to the outer MIME object,
which looks like this:
Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500
From: Bob <bob@example.net>
To: Alice <alice@example.net>
Subject: [...]
Message-ID: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Note that the Subject Header Field has been obscured appropriately by
hcp_baseline. The output of the CMS enveloping operation is base64
encoded and forms the Body of the message.
D.2. Composing a Reply
Next, we consider a typical MUA reply interface, where we see Alice
replying to Bob's message from Appendix D.1.
When Alice clicks "Reply" to Bob's signed-and-encrypted message with
Header Protection, she might see something like this:
.--------------------------------------------------------.
| Replying to Bob ("Handling the Jones Contract") .----. |
| +-----------------------------------+ | Send | |
| To: | Bob <bob@example.net> | '----' |
| +-----------------------------------+---------+ |
| Subject: | Re: Handling the Jones contract | |
| +---------------------------------------------+ |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| On Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500, Bob wrote: |
| |
| > Please review and approve or decline by Thursday, |
| > it's critical! |
| > |
| > Thanks, |
| > Bob |
| > |
| > -- |
| > Bob Gonzalez |
| > ACME, Inc. |
| |
| -- |
| Alice Jenkins |
| ACME, Inc. |
| |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 2: Example Message Reply Interface (Unedited)
Note that because Alice's MUA is aware of Header Protection, it knows
what the correct Subject Header Field is, even though it was
obscured. It also knows to avoid including the Legacy Display
Element in the quoted/attributed text that it includes in the draft
reply.
Once Alice has edited the reply message, it might look something like
this:
.--------------------------------------------------------.
| Replying to Bob ("Handling the Jones Contract") .----. |
| +-----------------------------------+ | Send | |
| To: | Bob <bob@example.net> | '----' |
| +-----------------------------------+---------+ |
| Subject: | Re: Handling the Jones contract | |
| +---------------------------------------------+ |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| On Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500, Bob wrote: |
| |
| > Please review and approve or decline by Thursday, |
| > it's critical! |
| |
| I'll get right on it, Bob! |
| |
| Regards, |
| Alice |
| |
| -- |
| Alice Jenkins |
| ACME, Inc. |
| |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 3: Example Message Reply Interface (Edited)
When Alice clicks "Send", the MUA generates values for the Message-
ID, From, and Date Header Fields, populates the In-Reply-To and
References Header Fields, and also converts the reply content into
the appropriate format.
D.2.1. Unprotected Message
The resulting message would look something like this if it were to be
sent without any cryptographic protections:
Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:48:22 -0500
From: Alice <alice@example.net>
To: Bob <bob@example.net>
Subject: Re: Handling the Jones contract
Message-ID: <20230111T214822Z.5678@lhp.example>
In-Reply-To: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
References: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
MIME-Version: 1.0
On Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500, Bob wrote:
> Please review and approve or decline by Thursday,
> it's critical!
I'll get right on it, Bob!
Regards,
Alice
--
Alice Jenkins
ACME, Inc.
Of course, this would leak not only the contents of Alice's message
but also the contents of Bob's initial message, as well as the
Subject Header Field! So Alice's MUA won't do that; it is going to
create a signed-and-encrypted message to submit to the network.
D.2.2. Encrypted with hcp_no_confidentiality and Legacy Display
This example assumes that Alice's MUA uses hcp_no_confidentiality,
not hcp_baseline. That is, by default, it does not obscure or remove
any Header Fields, even when encrypting.
However, it follows the guidance in Section 6.1 and will make use of
the HP-Outer field in the Cryptographic Payload of Bob's original
message (Appendix D.1.2.1) to determine what to obscure.
When crafting the Cryptographic Payload, its baseline HCP
(hcp_no_confidentiality) leaves each field untouched. To uphold the
confidentiality of the sender's values when replying, the MUA
executes the following steps (for brevity, only Subject and Message-
ID/In-Reply-To are shown):
* Extract the referenced Header Fields (see Section 4.2):
- refouter contains:
o Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500
o From: Bob <bob@example.net>
o To: Alice <alice@example.net>
o Subject: [...]
o Message-ID: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
- refprotected contains:
o Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500
o From: Bob <bob@example.net>
o To: Alice <alice@example.net>
o Subject: Handling the Jones contract
o Message-ID: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
* Apply the response function:
- respond(refouter) contains:
o From: Alice <alice@example.net>
o To: Bob <bob@example.net>
o Subject: Re: [...]
o In-Reply-To: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
o References: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
- respond(refprotected) contains:
o From: Alice <alice@example.net>
o To: Bob <bob@example.net>
o Subject: Re: Handling the Jones contract
o In-Reply-To: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
o References: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
* Compute the ephemeral response_hcp (see Section 6.1):
- Note that all Header Fields except Subject are the same.
- confmap contains only ("Subject", "Re: Handling the Jones
contract") -> "Re: [...]"
Thus, all Header Fields that were signed are passed through
untouched. The reply's Subject is obscured as Subject: Re: [...] if
and only if the user does not edit the Subject line from that
initially proposed by the MUA's reply interface. If the user edits
the Subject line, e.g., to Subject: Re: Handling the Jones contract
ASAP, the response_hcp will _not_ obscure it and instead pass it
through in the clear.
For stronger header confidentiality, the replying MUA should use a
reasonable HCP (not hcp_no_confidentiality). Also recall that the
local HCP is applied first and that response_hcp is only applied to
what is left unchanged by the local HCP.
D.2.2.1. Cryptographic Payload
Consequently, the Cryptographic Payload for Alice's reply looks like
this:
Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:48:22 -0500
From: Alice <alice@example.net>
To: Bob <bob@example.net>
Subject: Re: Handling the Jones contract
Message-ID: <20230111T214822Z.5678@lhp.example>
In-Reply-To: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
References: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"; hp-legacy-display="1";
hp="cipher"
MIME-Version: 1.0
HP-Outer: Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:48:22 -0500
HP-Outer: From: Alice <alice@example.net>
HP-Outer: To: Bob <bob@example.net>
HP-Outer: Subject: Re: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID: <20230111T214822Z.5678@lhp.example>
HP-Outer: In-Reply-To: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
HP-Outer: References: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
Subject: Re: Handling the Jones contract
On Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:08:43 -0500, Bob wrote:
> Please review and approve or decline by Thursday,
> it's critical!
I'll get right on it, Bob!
Regards,
Alice
--
Alice Jenkins
ACME, Inc.
Note the following features:
* the hp="cipher" parameter to Content-Type
* the appropriate HP-Outer Header Field for Subject
* the hp-legacy-display="1" parameter for the Content-Type
* the Legacy Display Element (the simple pseudo-header and its
trailing newline) in the Main Body Part
D.2.2.2. Outer Header Section
The Cryptographic Payload from Appendix D.2.2.1 is then wrapped in
the appropriate Cryptographic Layers. For this example using S/MIME,
it is wrapped in an application/pkcs7-mime; smime-type="signed-data"
layer, which is in turn wrapped in an application/pkcs7-mime; smime-
type="enveloped-data" layer.
Then, an Outer Header Section is applied to the outer MIME object,
which looks like this:
Date: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 16:48:22 -0500
From: Alice <alice@example.net>
To: Bob <bob@example.net>
Subject: Re: [...]
Message-ID: <20230111T214822Z.5678@lhp.example>
In-Reply-To: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
References: <20230111T210843Z.1234@lhp.example>
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; name="smime.p7m";
smime-type="enveloped-data"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Note that the Subject Header Field has been obscured appropriately
even though hcp_no_confidentiality would not have touched it by
default. The output of the CMS enveloping operation is base64
encoded and forms the Body of the message.
Appendix E. Rendering Examples
This section offers example Cryptographic Payloads (the content
within the Cryptographic Envelope) that contain Legacy Display
Elements.
E.1. Example text/plain Cryptographic Payload with Legacy Display
Elements
Here is a simple one-part Cryptographic Payload (Header Section and
Body) of a message that includes Legacy Display Elements:
Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2022 20:40:48 -0500
From: Alice <alice@example.net>
To: Bob <bob@example.net>
Subject: Dinner plans
Message-ID: <text-plain-legacy-display@lhp.example>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"; hp-legacy-display="1";
hp="cipher"
HP-Outer: Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2022 20:40:48 -0500
HP-Outer: From: Alice <alice@example.net>
HP-Outer: To: Bob <bob@example.net>
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID: <text-plain-legacy-display@lhp.example>
Subject: Dinner plans
Let's meet at Rama's Roti Shop at 8pm and go to the park
from there.
A compatible MUA will recognize the hp-legacy-display="1" parameter
and render the Body of the message as:
Let's meet at Rama's Roti Shop at 8pm and go to the park
from there.
A legacy decryption-capable MUA that is unaware of this mechanism
will ignore the hp-legacy-display="1" parameter and instead render
the Body including the Legacy Display Elements:
Subject: Dinner plans
Let's meet at Rama's Roti Shop at 8pm and go to the park
from there.
E.2. Example text/html Cryptographic Payload with Legacy Display
Elements
Here is a modern one-part Cryptographic Payload (Header Section and
Body) of a message that includes Legacy Display Elements:
Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2022 20:40:48 -0500
From: Alice <alice@example.net>
To: Bob <bob@example.net>
Subject: Dinner plans
Message-ID: <text-html-legacy-display@lhp.example>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"; hp-legacy-display="1";
hp="cipher"
HP-Outer: Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2022 20:40:48 -0500
HP-Outer: From: Alice <alice@example.net>
HP-Outer: To: Bob <bob@example.net>
HP-Outer: Subject: [...]
HP-Outer: Message-ID: <text-html-legacy-display@lhp.example>
<html><head><title></title></head><body>
<div class="header-protection-legacy-display">
<pre>Subject: Dinner plans</pre>
</div>
<p>
Let's meet at Rama's Roti Shop at 8pm and go to the park
from there.
</p>
</body>
</html>
A compatible MUA will recognize the hp-legacy-display="1" parameter
and mask out the Legacy Display div, rendering the Body of the
message as a simple paragraph:
Let's meet at Rama's Roti Shop at 8pm and go to the park
from there.
A legacy decryption-capable MUA that is unaware of this mechanism
will ignore the hp-legacy-display="1" parameter and instead render
the Body including the Legacy Display Elements:
Subject: Dinner plans
Let's meet at Rama's Roti Shop at 8pm and go to the park
from there.
Appendix F. Other Header Protection Schemes
Other Header Protection schemes have been proposed in the past.
However, those typically have drawbacks such as sparse
implementation, known problems with legacy interoperability (in
particular with rendering), lack of clear signaling of sender intent,
and/or incomplete cryptographic protections. This section lists such
schemes known at the time of the publication of this document out of
historical interest.
F.1. Original RFC 8551 Header Protection
S/MIME [RFC8551] (as well as its predecessors [RFC5751] and
[RFC3851]) defined a form of cryptographic Header Protection that has
never reached wide adoption and has significant drawbacks compared to
the mechanism in this document. See Section 1.1.1 for more
discussion of the differences and Section 4.10 for guidance on how to
handle such a message.
F.2. Pretty Easy Privacy (pEp)
The pretty Easy privacy (pEp) [PEP-GENERAL] project specifies two
different MIME schemes that include Header Protection for Signed-and-
Encrypted email messages in [PEP-EMAIL]: One scheme -- referred as
pEp Email Format 1 (PEF-1) -- is generated towards MUAs not known to
be pEp-capable, while the other scheme -- referred as PEF-2 -- is
used between MUAs discovered to be compatible with pEp. Signed-only
messages are not recommended in pEp.
Although the PEF-2 scheme is only meant to be used between PEF-
2-compatible MUAs, MUAs
compatible with PEF-2, a PEF-2 messages message may end up at MUAs an MUA unaware
of PEF-2 (in which case, they it typically render renders badly). This is due to
signaling mechanism limitations.
As the PEF-2 scheme is an enhanced variant of the RFC8551HP scheme
(with an additional MIME Layer), it is similar to the RFC8551HP
scheme (see Section 4.10). The basic PEF-2 MIME structure looks as
follows:
A └┬╴multipart/encrypted [Outer Message]
B ├─╴application/pgp-encrypted
C └─╴application/octet-stream inline [Cryptographic Payload]
D ↧ (decrypts to)
E └┬╴multipart/mixed
F ├─╴text/plain
G ├┬╴message/rfc822
H │└─╴[Inner Message]
I └─╴application/pgp-keys
The MIME structure at part H contains the Inner Message to be
rendered to the user.
It is possible for a normal MUA to accidentally produce a message
that happens to have the same MIME structure as used for PEF-2
messages. Therefore, a PEF-2 message cannot be identified by the
MIME structure alone.
The lack of a mechanism comparable to HP-Outer (see Section 2.2)
makes it impossible for the recipient of a PEF-2 message to safely
determine which Header Fields are confidential or not while
forwarding or replying to a message (see Section 6).
Note: As this document is not normative for PEF-2 messages, it does
not provide any guidance for handling them. Please see [PEP-EMAIL]
for more guidance.
F.3. "draft-autocrypt" Protected Headers
[PROTECTED-HEADERS] describes a scheme similar to the Header
Protection scheme specified in this document. However, instead of
adding Legacy Display Elements to existing MIME parts (see
Section 5.2.2), [PROTECTED-HEADERS] suggests injecting a new MIME
element "Legacy Display Part", thus modifying the MIME structure of
the Cryptographic Payload. These modified Cryptographic Payloads
cause significant rendering problems on some common Legacy MUAs.
The lack of a mechanism comparable to hp="cipher" and hp="clear" (see
Section 2.1.1) means the recipient of an encrypted message as
described in [PROTECTED-HEADERS] cannot be cryptographically certain
whether the sender intended for the message to be confidential or
not. The lack of a mechanism comparable to HP-Outer (see
Section 2.2) makes it impossible for the recipient of an encrypted
message as described in [PROTECTED-HEADERS] to safely determine which
Header Fields are confidential or not while forwarding or replying to
a message (see Section 6).
Acknowledgements
Alexander Krotov identified the risk of From address spoofing (see
Section 10.1) and helped provide guidance to MUAs.
Thore Göbel identified significant gaps in earlier draft versions of
this document and proposed concrete, substantial improvements.
Thanks to his contributions, the document is clearer, and the
protocols described herein are more useful.
Additionally, the authors would like to thank the following people
who have provided helpful comments and suggestions for this document:
Berna Alp, Bernhard E. Reiter, Bron Gondwana, Carl Wallace, Claudio
Luck, Daniel Huigens, David Wilson, Éric Vyncke, Hernani Marques,
juga, Kelly Bristol, Krista Bennett, Lars Rohwedder, Michael StJohns,
Nicolas Lidzborski, Orie Steele, Paul Wouters, Peter Yee, Phillip
Tao, Robert Williams, Rohan Mahy, Roman Danyliw, Russ Housley, Sofia
Balicka, Steve Kille, Volker Birk, Warren Kumari, and Wei Chuang.
Authors' Addresses
Daniel Kahn Gillmor
American Civil Liberties Union
125 Broad St.
New York, NY 10004
United States of America
Email: dkg@fifthhorseman.net
Bernie Hoeneisen
pEp Project
Oberer Graben 4
CH- 8400 Winterthur
Switzerland
Email: bernie@ietf.hoeneisen.ch
URI: https://pep-project.org/
Alexey Melnikov
Isode Ltd
14 Castle Mews
Hampton, Middlesex
TW12 2NP
United Kingdom
Email: alexey.melnikov@isode.com