Dependency Parsing

Dependency parsing identifies grammatical relationships between words. Each word connects to a "head" word through a dependency relation.

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Core Arguments

• nsubj – Nominal Subject
• obj – Object (direct object)
• iobj – Indirect Object
• csubj – Clausal Subject ("What she said surprised me")
• ccomp – Clausal Complement ("He said that he would come")
• xcomp – Open Clausal Complement: clause without its own subject ("I want to go")

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Modifiers

• amod – Adjectival Modifier
• advmod – Adverbial Modifier
• nmod – Nominal Modifier
• nummod – Numeric Modifier
• acl – Adnominal Clause: clause modifying a noun ("the man who arrived")
• advcl – Adverbial Clause Modifier ("If it rains, we stay")

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Function Words

• det – Determiner
• case – Case Marking: adpositions, postpositions
• aux – Auxiliary
• cop – Copula (linking verb like "is")
• mark – Marker: subordinating conjunction introducing a clause

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Coordination & Compounding

• conj – Conjunct
• cc – Coordinating Conjunction
• compound – Compound ("ice cream", "New York")
• flat – Flat Expression: names without internal structure ("John Smith")
• fixed – Fixed Multiword Expression ("in spite of")

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Other Relations

• root – Root: head of the sentence
• appos – Appositional Modifier ("my friend, John")
• obl – Oblique Nominal: non-core nominal argument
• vocative – Vocative: direct address ("John, come here")
• expl – Expletive ("There is a problem")
• punct – Punctuation
• dep – Unspecified Dependency

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