Help for package oblicubes

Type:

Package

Title:

3D Rendering Using Obliquely Projected Cubes and Cuboids

Version:

1.0.0

Description:

Three-dimensional rendering for 'grid' and 'ggplot2' graphics using cubes and cuboids drawn with an oblique projection. As a special case also supports primary view orthographic projections. Can be viewed as an extension to the 'isocubes' package https://github.com/coolbutuseless/isocubes.

URL:

https://trevorldavis.com/R/oblicubes/

BugReports:

https://github.com/trevorld/oblicubes/issues

License:

MIT + file LICENSE

Imports:

grDevices, grid, utils

Suggests:

datasets, dplyr, ggplot2, knitr, rmarkdown, testthat (≥ 3.0.0), vdiffr

VignetteBuilder:

knitr, rmarkdown

Encoding:

UTF-8

RoxygenNote:

7.3.1

Config/testthat/edition:

NeedsCompilation:

Packaged:

2025-03-10 06:21:44 UTC; trevorld

Author:

Trevor L. Davis

[aut, cre], Mike FC [aut] (Some code adapted from isocubes)

Maintainer:

Trevor L. Davis <trevor.l.davis@gmail.com>

Repository:

CRAN

Date/Publication:

2025-03-10 08:30:02 UTC

oblicubes: 3D Rendering Using Obliquely Projected Cubes and Cuboids

Description

Author(s)

Maintainer: Trevor L. Davis trevor.l.davis@gmail.com (ORCID)

Authors:

Mike FC (Some code adapted from isocubes)

'light' effect helper functions

Description

Helper functions to generate a “light” effect for oblicubesGrob(), grid.oblicubes(), oblicuboidsGrob(), and grid.oblicuboids(). darken_face() is the default light argument for oblicubesGrob(), grid.oblicubes(), oblicuboidsGrob(), and grid.oblicuboids(). cheap_darken() is the default darkening function used by darken_face().

Usage

cheap_darken(col, amount)

darken_face(
  face,
  col,
  top = 0,
  west = 0.2,
  east = 0.2,
  south = 0.4,
  north = 0.4,
  darken_fn = cheap_darken
)

Arguments

col

Vector of colors to darken

amount

Fraction to darken by

face

Cube/cuboid face to color. One of "top", "west", "east", "south", or "north".

top

Amount to darken the "top" face.

west

Amount to darken the "west" face.

east

Amount to darken the "east" face.

south

Amount to darken the "south" face.

north

Amount to darken the "north" face.

darken_fn

Function to darken with. Should take two arguments: the first should be the colour and the second should be numeric amount to darken by. Default will be to use cheap_darken(). colorspace::darken() is a slower, “better” alternative.

Details

The light argument of oblicubesGrob(), grid.oblicubes(), geom_oblicubes(), oblicuboidsGrob(), grid.oblicuboids(), and geom_oblicuboids() needs a function that that takes two arguments: the first is face one of its five faces: "top", "west", "east", "south", or "north" and the second is col the cube/cuboid's fill color

Value

Vector of darkened colors.

Examples

demo_light <- function(light = darken_face, ...) {
  df <- data.frame(x=1, y=1, z=1)
  grid::grid.newpage()
  grid.oblicubes(df, ..., light=light, angle=45, lwd=4,
                 vp = grid::viewport(0.25, 0.25, 0.5, 0.5))
  grid.oblicubes(df, ..., light=light, angle=135, lwd=4,
                 vp = grid::viewport(0.75, 0.25, 0.5, 0.5))
  grid.oblicubes(df, ..., light=light, angle=-45, lwd=4,
                 vp = grid::viewport(0.25, 0.75, 0.5, 0.5))
  grid.oblicubes(df, ..., light=light, angle=-135, lwd=4,
                 vp = grid::viewport(0.75, 0.75, 0.5, 0.5))
}
demo_light()
demo_light(fill = "gold")
demo_light(light = function(face, col)
             darken_face(face, col, top = 0.3,
                         west = 0.6, east = 0.6,
                         south = 0.0, north = 0.0)
)
demo_light(light = function(face, col) {
             n <- length(col)
             switch(face,
               top = rep_len("grey90", n),
               west = rep_len("red", n),
               east = rep_len("green", n),
               south = rep_len("blue", n),
               north = rep_len("yellow", n))
           })

Draw 2D/3D cubes with ggplot2

Description

geom_oblicubes() creates a ggplot2 geom that draws cubes.

Usage

geom_oblicubes(
  mapping = NULL,
  data = NULL,
  stat = "identity",
  position = "identity",
  ...,
  angle = 45,
  scale = 0.5,
  xoffset = 0,
  yoffset = 0,
  zoffset = 0,
  light = darken_face,
  show.legend = NA,
  inherit.aes = TRUE
)

Arguments

mapping

Set of aesthetic mappings created by aes(). If specified and inherit.aes = TRUE (the default), it is combined with the default mapping at the top level of the plot. You must supply mapping if there is no plot mapping.

data

The data to be displayed in this layer. There are three options:

If NULL, the default, the data is inherited from the plot data as specified in the call to ggplot().

A data.frame, or other object, will override the plot data. All objects will be fortified to produce a data frame. See fortify() for which variables will be created.

A function will be called with a single argument, the plot data. The return value must be a data.frame, and will be used as the layer data. A function can be created from a formula (e.g. ~ head(.x, 10)).

stat

The statistical transformation to use on the data for this layer. When using a ⁠geom_*()⁠ function to construct a layer, the stat argument can be used the override the default coupling between geoms and stats. The stat argument accepts the following:

A Stat ggproto subclass, for example StatCount.
A string naming the stat. To give the stat as a string, strip the function name of the stat_ prefix. For example, to use stat_count(), give the stat as "count".
For more information and other ways to specify the stat, see the layer stat documentation.

position

A position adjustment to use on the data for this layer. This can be used in various ways, including to prevent overplotting and improving the display. The position argument accepts the following:

The result of calling a position function, such as position_jitter(). This method allows for passing extra arguments to the position.
A string naming the position adjustment. To give the position as a string, strip the function name of the position_ prefix. For example, to use position_jitter(), give the position as "jitter".
For more information and other ways to specify the position, see the layer position documentation.

...

Aesthetics, used to set an aesthetic to a fixed value.

angle

Oblique projection angle.

scale

Oblique projection foreshortening factor. 0.5 corresponds to the “cabinet projection”. 1.0 corresponds to the “cavalier projection”. 0.0 corresponds to a “primary view orthographic projection”.

xoffset, yoffset, zoffset

By default the x,y,z values are assumed to be the center of the cube. Use xoffset, yoffset, and/or zoffset to shift the x,y,z values a fixed amount.

light

If FALSE don't perform a "light" effect. Otherwise a function that takes two arguments: the first face of the cube/cuboid face (one of "top", "west", "east", "south", "north"). the second col of the fill color. By default we use darken_face().

show.legend

logical. Should this layer be included in the legends? NA, the default, includes if any aesthetics are mapped. FALSE never includes, and TRUE always includes. It can also be a named logical vector to finely select the aesthetics to display.

inherit.aes

If FALSE, overrides the default aesthetics, rather than combining with them. This is most useful for helper functions that define both data and aesthetics and shouldn't inherit behaviour from the default plot specification, e.g. borders().

Details

geom_oblicubes() requires a fixed scale coordinate system with an aspect ratio of 1 as provided by ggplot2::coord_fixed().

Value

A ggplot2 geom.

Aesthetics

geom_oblicubes() understands the following aesthetics (required aesthetics are in bold). See oblicubesGrob() for more details.

x
y
z
fill
colour
linetype
linewidth

Examples

if (require("ggplot2")) {
  data("volcano", package = "datasets")
  df <- xyz_heightmap(volcano, scale = 0.3, min = 1)
  g <- ggplot(df, aes(x, y, z = z, fill = raw)) +
         geom_oblicubes(light = FALSE) +
         coord_fixed() +
         scale_fill_gradientn(name = "Height (m)",
                              colours=terrain.colors(256)) +
         labs(x = "East (10m)", y = "North (10m)",
              title = "Maungawhau (`datasets::volcano`)")
  plot(g)
}

if (require("ggplot2")) {
  # Using `scale_fill_identity()` if using `xyz_heightmap()`'s `fill` column
  df <- xyz_heightmap(volcano, scale = 0.3, min = 1,
                      col = grDevices::heat.colors)
  g <- ggplot(df, aes(x, y, z = z, fill = fill)) +
         geom_oblicubes() +
         coord_fixed() +
         scale_fill_identity()
  plot(g)
}

if (require("ggplot2") && require("dplyr")) {
  # Note you probably should not do 3D bar charts...
  df <- as.data.frame(datasets::Titanic) %>%
          filter(Age == "Child", Freq > 0) %>%
          group_by(Sex, Survived, Class) %>%
          summarize(Freq = seq.int(sum(Freq)), .groups = "drop")
  g <- ggplot(df, aes(x = Survived, y = Freq, fill = Survived)) +
      facet_grid(cols = vars(Class, Sex)) +
      coord_fixed() +
      geom_oblicubes(yoffset = -0.5, zoffset = -0.5, angle = -45, scale = 0.7) +
      scale_fill_manual(values = c("Yes" = "lightblue", "No" = "red")) +
      scale_y_continuous(expand = expansion(), name = "") +
      scale_x_discrete(name = "", breaks = NULL) +
      labs(title = "Children on the Titanic (by ticket class)")
  plot(g)
}

Draw 2D/3D cuboids with ggplot2

Description

geom_oblicuboids() creates a ggplot2 geom that draws cuboids

Usage

geom_oblicuboids(
  mapping = NULL,
  data = NULL,
  stat = "identity",
  position = "identity",
  ...,
  angle = 45,
  scale = 0.5,
  xoffset = 0,
  yoffset = 0,
  zoffset = 0,
  light = darken_face,
  show.legend = NA,
  inherit.aes = TRUE
)

Arguments

mapping

data

The data to be displayed in this layer. There are three options:

If NULL, the default, the data is inherited from the plot data as specified in the call to ggplot().

A data.frame, or other object, will override the plot data. All objects will be fortified to produce a data frame. See fortify() for which variables will be created.

stat

A Stat ggproto subclass, for example StatCount.
A string naming the stat. To give the stat as a string, strip the function name of the stat_ prefix. For example, to use stat_count(), give the stat as "count".
For more information and other ways to specify the stat, see the layer stat documentation.

position

A position adjustment to use on the data for this layer. This can be used in various ways, including to prevent overplotting and improving the display. The position argument accepts the following:

The result of calling a position function, such as position_jitter(). This method allows for passing extra arguments to the position.
A string naming the position adjustment. To give the position as a string, strip the function name of the position_ prefix. For example, to use position_jitter(), give the position as "jitter".
For more information and other ways to specify the position, see the layer position documentation.

...

Aesthetics, used to set an aesthetic to a fixed value.

angle

Oblique projection angle.

scale

xoffset, yoffset, zoffset

By default the x,y values are assumed to be the center of the cuboid and the z value is assumed to be the top of the cuboid. Use xoffset, yoffset, and/or zoffset to shift the x,y,z values a fixed amount.

light

show.legend

inherit.aes

Details

geom_oblicuboids() requires a fixed scale coordinate system with an aspect ratio of 1 as provided by ggplot2::coord_fixed().

Value

A ggplot2 geom.

Aesthetics

geom_oblicuboids() understands the following aesthetics (required aesthetics are in bold). See oblicuboidsGrob() for more details.

x
y
z
fill
colour
linetype
linewidth

Examples

if (require("ggplot2")) {
  data("volcano", package = "datasets")
  df <- xyz_heightmap(volcano, scale = 0.3, min = 1)
  g <- ggplot(df, aes(x, y, z = z, fill = raw)) +
         geom_oblicuboids(light = FALSE) +
         coord_fixed() +
         scale_fill_gradientn(name = "Height (m)",
                              colours=terrain.colors(256)) +
         labs(x = "East (10m)", y = "North (10m)",
              title = "Maungawhau (`datasets::volcano`)")
  plot(g)
}
if (require("ggplot2")) {
  # Using `scale_fill_identity()` if using `xyz_heightmap()`'s `fill` column
  df <- xyz_heightmap(volcano, scale = 0.3, min = 1,
                      col = grDevices::heat.colors)
  g <- ggplot(df, aes(x, y, z = z, fill = fill)) +
         geom_oblicuboids() +
         coord_fixed() +
         scale_fill_identity()
  plot(g)
}
if (require("ggplot2") && require("dplyr")) {
  # Note you probably should not do 3D bar charts...
  df <- as.data.frame(datasets::Titanic) %>%
          filter(Age == "Child", Freq > 0) %>%
          group_by(Sex, Survived, Class) %>%
          summarize(Freq = seq.int(sum(Freq)), .groups = "drop")
  g <- ggplot(df, aes(x = Survived, y = Freq, fill = Survived)) +
      facet_grid(cols = vars(Class, Sex)) +
      coord_fixed() +
      geom_oblicuboids(yoffset = -0.5, scale = 0.7, angle = -45) +
      scale_fill_manual(values = c("Yes" = "lightblue", "No" = "red")) +
      scale_y_continuous(expand = expansion(), name = "") +
      scale_x_discrete(name = "", breaks = NULL) +
      labs(title = "Children on the Titanic (by ticket class)")
  plot(g)
}

Render 2D/3D cubes via an oblique projection

Description

oblicubesGrob() / grid.oblicubes() renders cubes using a 3D oblique projection. oblicubesGrob() returns a grid grob object while grid.oblicubes() also draws the grob to the graphic device. As a special case may also render a 2D primary view orthographic projection.

Usage

oblicubesGrob(
  x,
  y = NULL,
  z = NULL,
  ...,
  fill = NULL,
  light = darken_face,
  scale = 0.5,
  angle = 45,
  xo = NULL,
  yo = NULL,
  width = NULL,
  default.units = "snpc",
  name = NULL,
  gp = gpar(),
  vp = NULL
)

grid.oblicubes(
  x,
  y = NULL,
  z = NULL,
  ...,
  fill = NULL,
  light = darken_face,
  scale = 0.5,
  angle = 45,
  xo = NULL,
  yo = NULL,
  width = NULL,
  default.units = "snpc",
  name = NULL,
  gp = gpar(),
  vp = NULL
)

Arguments

x

Integer vector of x coordinates (if necessary will be rounded to integers). May be a data.frame of x,y,z coordinates (and maybe fill color).

y

Integer vector of y coordinates (if necessary will be rounded to integers). If NULL and x is a data frame with a y column then we use that instead.

z

Integer vector of z coordinates (if necessary will be rounded to integers). If NULL and x is a data frame with a z column then we use that instead.

...

Passed to grid::gpar(). Will override any values set in gp.

fill

Fill color(s) for the cubes. If NULL and x is a data frame with a fill or col column then we use that column; if no such column but gp has a fill value we use that; otherwise we fall back to "grey90".

light

scale

angle

Oblique projection angle.

xo, yo

The origin of the oblique projection coordinate system in grid units. The default is to try to guess a “good” value.

width

Width of the cube's (non-foreshortened) sides. The default will be to try to guess a “good” value.

default.units

Default units for the xo, yo, and width arguments.

name

A character identifier (for grid).

gp

A ‘grid’ gpar object. See grid::gpar(). Will be merged with the values in ... and the value of fill.

vp

A ‘grid’ viewport object. See grid::viewport().

Value

A grid grob. As a side effect grid.oblicubes() also draws to the active graphics device.

Examples

if (require("grid")) {
  # we support arbitrary oblique projection angles
  mat <- matrix(c(1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1), nrow = 3, ncol = 3, byrow = TRUE)
  coords <- xyz_heightmap(mat, col = c("red", "yellow", "green"))

  angles <- c(135, 90, 45, 180, 45, 0, -135, -90, -45)
  scales <- c(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
  vp_x <- rep(1:3/3 - 1/6, 3)
  vp_y <- rep(3:1/3 - 1/6, each = 3)
  grid.newpage()
  for (i in 1:9) {
      pushViewport(viewport(x=vp_x[i], y=vp_y[i], width=1/3, height=1/3))
      grid.rect(gp = gpar(lty = "dashed"))
      grid.oblicubes(coords, width = 0.15, xo = 0.25, yo = 0.15,
                     angle = angles[i], scale = scales[i],
                     gp = gpar(lwd=4))
      if(i != 5)
          grid.text(paste("angle =", angles[i]), y=0.92, gp = gpar(cex = 1.2))
      else
          grid.text(paste("scale = 0"), y=0.92, gp = gpar(cex = 1.2))
      popViewport()
  }
}
# volcano example
mat <- datasets::volcano
mat <- 0.3 * (mat - min(mat)) + 1.0
coords <- xyz_heightmap(mat, col = grDevices::terrain.colors)
grid::grid.newpage()
grid.oblicubes(coords)

Render 2D/3D cuboids via an oblique projection

Description

oblicuboidsGrob() / grid.oblicuboids() renders cuboids using a 3D oblique projection. oblicuboidsGrob() returns a grid grob object while grid.oblicuboids() also draws the grob to the graphic device. As a special case may also render a 2D primary view orthographic projection.

Usage

oblicuboidsGrob(
  x,
  y = NULL,
  z = NULL,
  ...,
  fill = NULL,
  light = darken_face,
  scale = 0.5,
  angle = 45,
  xo = NULL,
  yo = NULL,
  width = NULL,
  default.units = "snpc",
  name = NULL,
  gp = gpar(),
  vp = NULL
)

grid.oblicuboids(
  x,
  y = NULL,
  z = NULL,
  ...,
  fill = NULL,
  scale = 0.5,
  angle = 45,
  xo = NULL,
  yo = NULL,
  width = NULL,
  default.units = "snpc",
  name = NULL,
  gp = gpar(),
  vp = NULL
)

Arguments

x

Integer vector of x coordinates (if necessary will be rounded to integers). May be a data.frame of x,y,z coordinates (and maybe fill color). This will be the x-value at the center of the cuboid.

y

Integer vector of y coordinates (if necessary will be rounded to integers). If NULL and x is a data frame with a y column then we use that instead. This will be the x-value at the center of the cuboid.

z

Integer vector of z coordinates (if necessary will be rounded to integers). If NULL and x is a data frame with a z column then we use that instead. This will be the z-value at the top of the cuboid.

...

Passed to grid::gpar(). Will override any values set in gp.

fill

Fill color(s) for the cuboids. If NULL and x is a data frame with a fill or col column then we use that column; if no such column but gp has a fill value we use that; otherwise we fall back to "grey90".

light

scale

angle

Oblique projection angle.

xo, yo

The origin of the oblique projection coordinate system in grid units. The default is to try to guess a “good” value.

width

Width of the cuboids's (non-foreshortened) side. The default will be to try to guess a “good” value.

default.units

Default units for the xo, yo, and width arguments.

name

A character identifier (for grid).

gp

A ‘grid’ gpar object. See grid::gpar(). Will be merged with the values in ... and the value of fill.

vp

A ‘grid’ viewport object. See grid::viewport().

Value

A grid grob. As a side effect grid.oblicubes() also draws to the active graphics device.

Examples

if (require("grid")) {
  # we support arbitrary oblique projection angles
  mat <- matrix(c(1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1), nrow = 3, ncol = 3, byrow = TRUE)
  coords <- xyz_heightmap(mat, col = c("red", "yellow", "green"),
                          solid = FALSE)
  angles <- c(135, 90, 45, 180, 45, 0, -135, -90, -45)
  scales <- c(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
  vp_x <- rep(1:3/3 - 1/6, 3)
  vp_y <- rep(3:1/3 - 1/6, each = 3)
  grid.newpage()
  for (i in 1:9) {
      pushViewport(viewport(x=vp_x[i], y=vp_y[i], width=1/3, height=1/3))
      grid.rect(gp = gpar(lty = "dashed"))
      grid.oblicuboids(coords, width = 0.15, xo = 0.25, yo = 0.15,
                     angle = angles[i], scale = scales[i],
                     gp = gpar(lwd=4))
      if(i != 5)
          grid.text(paste("angle =", angles[i]), y=0.92, gp = gpar(cex = 1.2))
      else
          grid.text(paste("scale = 0"), y=0.92, gp = gpar(cex = 1.2))
      popViewport()
  }
}
# volcano example
mat <- datasets::volcano
mat <- 0.3 * (mat - min(mat)) + 1.0
coords <- xyz_heightmap(mat, col = grDevices::terrain.colors,
                        solid = FALSE)
grid::grid.newpage()
grid.oblicuboids(coords)

Calculate x,y,z coordinates from a height matrix

Description

Calculate x,y,z coordinates from a height matrix

Usage

xyz_heightmap(
  mat,
  col = NULL,
  scale = 1,
  min = NULL,
  flipx = FALSE,
  flipy = TRUE,
  ground = "xy",
  solid = TRUE,
  verbose = FALSE
)

Arguments

mat

integer matrix. The matrix will be interpreted as cubes (or cuboids) flat on the page, with the value in the matrix interpreted as the height above the page.

col

matrix, vector, or (palette) function of colours. If a matrix it must be the same dimensions as the mat argument; each cube/cuboid corresponding to that x,y value will have that color. If a vector then if the max of z values is less than equal to the number of colors we will use the z integers as indices else we will use base::cut() to assign z values to colors. If a function we will call it with the argument max(z) to create a a vector of colors and then use the z values as indices. If col is not NULL then a fill column will be included in the final returned coordinates.

scale

scale factor for values in matrix. Default = 1

min

Minimum target z value. If NULL ignore else we "translate" the z-values so the minimum z-value is equal to this value.

flipx, flipy

Should the matrix be flipped in the horizontal/vertical directions (respectively)? Note: flipy defaults to TRUE as matrices are indexed from the top-down, but the coordinate space is increasing from the bottom up. Flipping the matrix vertically is usually what you want.

ground

Orientation of the ground plane. Default: "xy". Possible values "xy", "xz", "zy"

solid

Should the heightmap be made 'solid' i.e. without holes? This can be an expensive operation in terms of both memory and CPU, but should be OK for simple examples. Set to FALSE if things take too long or you will be rendering cuboids. This operation works by extruding cubes down from the top of the height map to the floor to ensure gaps do not appear when the slope is too great.

verbose

Be verbose? default: FALSE

Value

A data frame of x, y, z, raw, and possibly fill columns. The "raw" column is the (original) "z" column before any scale, min, and ground transformations have been performed (it may be repeated "down" if solid = TRUE). The "raw" column can be useful as the fill value in ggplot2 plots especially when adding a legend.

Examples

if (require("grDevices") && require("grid")) {
  mat <- datasets::volcano
  mat <- 0.3 * (mat - min(mat)) + 1.0

  grid.newpage()
  grid.rect(gp=gpar(col=NA, fill="grey5"))
  width <- convertWidth(unit(0.007, "snpc"), "cm")

  # Top view
  pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.7, height = 0.7, x = 0.65, y = 0.65))
  coords <- xyz_heightmap(mat, col = terrain.colors, solid = FALSE)
  grid.oblicubes(coords, scale = 0, width = width, gp = gpar(col=NA))
  popViewport()

  # South view
  pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.7, height = 0.3, x = 0.65, y = 0.15))
  coords <- xyz_heightmap(mat, col = terrain.colors, ground = "xz")
  grid.oblicubes(coords, scale = 0, width = width, gp = gpar(col=NA))
  popViewport()

  # West view
  pushViewport(viewport(width = 0.3, height = 0.7, x = 0.15, y = 0.65))
  coords <- xyz_heightmap(mat, col = terrain.colors, ground = "zy")
  grid.oblicubes(coords, scale = 0, width = width, gp = gpar(col=NA))
  popViewport()
}
if (require("grDevices") && require("ggplot2")) {
  data("volcano", package = "datasets")
  df <- xyz_heightmap(volcano, scale = 0.3, min = 1, solid = FALSE)
  g <- ggplot(df, aes(x, y, z = z, fill = raw)) +
         geom_oblicuboids(light = FALSE) +
         coord_fixed() +
         scale_fill_gradientn(name = "Height (m)", colours=terrain.colors(256)) +
         labs(x = "East (10m)", y = "North (10m)", title = "Maungawhau (`datasets::volcano`)")
  plot(g)
}

oblicubes: 3D Rendering Using Obliquely Projected Cubes and Cuboids

Description

Author(s)

See Also

'light' effect helper functions

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Examples

Draw 2D/3D cubes with ggplot2

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Aesthetics

See Also

Examples

Draw 2D/3D cuboids with ggplot2

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Aesthetics

See Also

Examples

Render 2D/3D cubes via an oblique projection

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

Examples

Render 2D/3D cuboids via an oblique projection

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

Examples

Calculate x,y,z coordinates from a height matrix

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

Examples